BLOOD GROUPS

Dr.Sreedhar Dept. of Physiology

 ABO Rh ( Rhesus Monkey ) MN P LEWIS etc Landsteiner : discoverer of blood groups

 Agglutinogen antigen RBC surface Agglutinin antibody Plasma infancy-from food Group A B AB O Rh+ Rh Agglutinogen A B AB D ( 85 % ) no D Agglutinin beta ( anti B - IgM ) alpha ( anti A IgM ) alpha & beta ( IgG )

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2.

Law of Blood Grouping If the Agglutinogen is present in RBC, the corresponding Agglutinin is absent in Plasma If the Agglutinogen is absent in RBC, the corresponding Agglutinin is present in Plasma
Exception : Rh group Rh- Rh agglutinin is not present in Plasma ( present when transfused with Rh+ blood )

 Mendelian Inheritence A,B,O genes

Parents : AO Children : AB

BO AO

BO

OO

 Cross Matching :donors cells & recipients plasma O group Universal Donor AB group Universal Recipient A group A AB Incompatable with B O Rh+ never given to Rh-

 Rh incompatibility : Rh+ to Rh- transfusion Rh- mother Rh+ fetus blood enters via placenta 1st pregnancy Normal ; 2nd & later Baby affected Haemolytic disease of newborn: jaundice & anemia Erythroblastosis fetalis : nucleated RBC Kernicterus :deposition of bile pigments in basal ganglia Treatment : exchange transfusion in baby Prevention : anti Rh immunoglobulin to mother after the birth of first child

 Whole Blood Transfusion : Haemmorage, Anemia, Surgery Components of blood : RBC, Plasma ( burns ) , Platelets are also transfused Autologous transfusion

Precautions : Screening of donor for Malaria, Syphilis, Hepatitis, AIDS Crossmatching Storing in aseptic conditions Slow transfusion

Storage of Blood : 0 to 4 degrees centigrade Acid citrate dextrose to provide energy Red cells become spherical Inhibition of Na + pump Water moves into cells K+ more in plasma become normal after transfusion Rapid transfusion : Hyperkalemia

Effects of mismatched transfusion : Agglutination of Red cells Haemolysis Shock : Shivering, Tightness of chest,Fall in blood pressure, Dyspnea Haemoglobinuria, Jaundice, Renal Failure, Uraemia and Death.