May this workshop takes you to a voyage to unknown reality.

AND, WE ARE..

ON THE PATH OF FINDING THE TRUTH.

OUR SEARCH FOR TRUTH!!!

ALWAYS UNENDING

We address the void in our knowledge, and those unresolved problems, By asking relevant questions and seeking answers to them. The role of research is to provide a method for obtaining those answers By inquiringly studying the facts, within the

WITH THESE HARD FACTS OF THE LIFE

Dr. C. P. Gupta

But, first ...

Lets look atv e lie
e w be Bu at T is ar he l w al ad e UT R

SOMETHING Hwhich do r ? , e t around...

nd a

we see and understand th

Is this way through which we acquire truth?

Net Poll
Yesterdays Question Should airlines have the right to sack overweight air hostesses?
Cant Say - 2.14% No - 68.57% Yes - 29.29%

Todays Question

Is this the way through which we acquire truth..???

after liberalisation, the GNP is distributed in the favour of those who have higher propensity to import and as a result, the production employment cost of and the abroad domestic

have increased at the

All stars are stationary. The Sun is a star.

The Sun is stationary.

Is this way through which we acquire truth?

 20% of the sampled worker are in the favour of the new pension scheme.

worker

selected

will

favour new pension scheme with probability of 20%.

Is this way through which we acquire

Is this way through which we acquire truth?

The way such a conclusion is derived, can we say that these are valid conclusions?

G. Yule (1926) reports that the correlation between mortality and proportion of church of England marriages to all marriages is 0.9512. That is, over time there has been a decrease both in the share of marriages in the church of England and the rate of mortality. Despite this Yule does not find it plausible to suggest that the two variables are causally related. Is that the way to derive scientific truth???
Ole-Jrgen Skog reports that the correlation between the quarterly index of intravenous drug abuse in Stockholm and Wlfers index of sunspot activity is 0.91 (1965-70), but it is hardly plausible that sunspots somehow cause addiction.

Are all these representing truth???

Are these ways through which we acquire truth?

HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT IS TRUTH???

And, the process that leads to truth(???) is called KNOWING!!!!

Knowing
is an active process based on certain presumptions as to what can be known.

There are a number of ways of knowing

Method of INTUITION: under it, anything that stands to reason is considered to be truth. But, which reason and whose reason to be taken as criterion to decide for the truth. Method of SUPERSTITION: one believes something to be true which is based on subjective feelings, belief in chance, or belief in magic events. Method of TENACITY: one holds to the truth because one knows it to be true. The frequent repetition of the truth, the more the enhancement of the validity of it.

There are a number of ways of knowing

Method of AUTHORITY: a thing must be true if it is
said by some authority. The method of authority is not always unsound but we do not know when it is or isnt.

Method of SCIENCE: in it, truth holds if it is

subject to self-correction, subject to verification and to test. In it, logical rules are applied in order to arrive at a logically sound conclusion.

How scientific facts are different from the commonsense

Are The rows of black and white squares all parallel?

ay e m anc he ar s t p pe l l u A !! !! te TY LI ot n EA e R tru

What you see and feel may not be a scientific truth!!!!

A perfect CIRCLE may look like an imperfect one!!!!!!

What you look may not be a scientific reality!!!!

Do we have a fourth dimension!!!!!!

Seeing may not be believing!!!!

Seeing may not be believing!!!!

Is this logic representing a scientific truth?

All elephants are RED. Ramdas is an elephant. Therefore, Ramdas is RED.

THINK!!!

SCIENTIFIC FACTS ARE...

o OBJECTIVE IN NATURE o VERIFIABLE & SUBJECT TO TESTING AND QUESTIONING o BASED UPON WELL ACCEPTED PRINCIPLES OF LOGIC o SELF - CORRECTING IN NATURE o ONES THAT REPRESENTS REALITY IN ITS CRUDE FORM.

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE???
A knowledge obtained through scientific methods is called scientific knowledge. Scientific Methods is a collective term denoting the various processes by the aid of which the sciences are built up. Any method of investigation by which scientific or other impartial and systematic knowledge is acquired is called a scientific method.

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE(continued)
A scientific method has the following features:
EMPIRICAL VERIFIABLE RATIONAL CUMULATIVE SELF-CORRECTING ETHICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL NEUTRALITY (VALUE FREE) STATISTICAL GENERALIZABILITY

Whats the most important underlying philosophy behind scientific knowledge?

Keep the process of knowing authentic and scientific, the truth with be authentic and scientific!!!

Two ways to make use of LOGIC to find truth!!!

There are two kinds of logic to derive truth:
one, is INDUCTIVE; and another is DEDUCTIVE.

INDUCTIVE: these methods consists of studying many

individual cases in order to formulate a generalised conclusion. In it, the truth is supposed to held only in probabilistic sense. The conclusions obtained are not very strong conclusions. In it, we move from specific cases to generalisation. In it, truth is obtain through empirical findings.

DEDUCTIVE LOGIC...
Deductive Logic consists of methods of reasoning from a general rule regarded as an accepted fact to a specific conclusion. The conclusions obtained under this method are more STRONG in their assertion. It does not make use of any empirical data to support the conclusion. It is a reasoning from general to specific.

The debate of Inductive vs Deductive is also known as

rationalism vs empiricism

What research ?
Broadly, there are two kinds of research: ONE, PURE RESEARCH; and SECOND, APPLIED RESEARCH.

PURE RESEARCH
It attempts to expand the frontier of knowledge. It is not aimed at a specific pragmatic problem. Such a research either leads to a new theory or confirmation of the existing theory or to learn more about a concept or phenomenon. Basic research is usually not action - oriented. It is done mainly at the universities.

APPLIED RESEARCH ...

Such a research is aimed at solving some specific problem. It may help in finding out the reasons why a particular event took place; why a business failed; what should be the strategy to solve a given problem. It may be the application of the existing theories and models to solve some of the real life problems. It may be done to provide empirical support to the existing theories. How the ideas, concepts, theories etc. developed in laboratories and universities can be applied in the real life.

One can conduct research in two ways Quantitative; and Qualitative.

TRADITIONAL METHODS OF DOING RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH

S A Research that is objective in nature; makes use of quantitative data; is based on the assumption that the reality is not vague and ambiguous; in which precision and reliability are considered to be an essential element of the scientific reality; uses experimentation and controlled environment.

S In such research, Mathematical and Statistical tools are employed to derive meaningful results out of the data obtained.

Quantitative research ...

S Quantitative research is based on the assumption that facts are true and the same for all the people at all the time.

r e is always considered to S The output of such a research g w i s b be objective. n a is - a exists definable and e e there S The basic premise h facts. ! quantifiable social b T y asay NO reality is always But, can we that mcan be expressed through objective;
numbers; same for all individuals especially when the reality is related to

Modern methods of doing research Modern methods of doing research

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

A research that is not subject to quantification and A research that is not subject to quantification and quantitative analysis. quantitative analysis. In it, the basic objective is to capture what people say In it, the basic objective is to capture what people say and do as a product of how they interpret the complexity and do as a product of how they interpret the complexity of their world to understand the events from the of their world to understand the events from the viewpoint of the participants. viewpoint of the participants. It accepts subjective reality as a valid reality. It accepts subjective reality as a valid reality. It may accept reality with different meanings. It may accept reality with different meanings. Under it, a contextual truth is a valid example of truth. Under it, a contextual truth is a valid example of truth. Some of the examples of the tools of qualitative Some of the examples of the tools of qualitative research- case studies, depth interview, action research research- case studies, depth interview, action research etc. etc.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Focus Group Focus Group Case Studies Case Studies Observations/Field Studies Observations/Field Studies In-depth Interviews In-depth Interviews Projective Tests Projective Tests Ethnography Ethnography

Some Methodologies of Some Methodologies of

what is to be researched?

How to know ---

For that ...

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH is to clarify the exact nature of the problem to be solved. It is a mini-research or trial research. It is a research with an EXPLORATORY purpose. It is conducted so that a research can define the research problem more specifically and precisely.

Research to know what is Research to know what is to be researched!!! to be researched!!!

What is my research problem?

A research to know what is to be precisely researched is called

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH!

The formulation of the problem is often more essential than its solution .Albert Einstein

Once, we have decided what is to be SEARCHED then, comes the issue of HOW IS TO BE DONE ?
And, IT TAKES US TO

RESEARCH DESIGN

Dr. C. P. Gupta

HOW TO START WITH A RESEARCH?

Having decided about what is to be researched, one has to decide how to go about it. First, decide what kind of data is required?
Two kinds of data:
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

Having decided that we have to collect primary data, the next step is - HOW TO DESIGN THE RESEARCH TO OBTAIN THE NECESSARY DATA? That is to say, decide about an appropriate research design.

well if we are clear about the questions we have to answer and then, properly

Which implies that...

We should talk about -

Research Design!!!

RESEARCH DESIGN...
A research design is essentially a plan or strategy aimed at enabling answers to be obtained to research questions. is a MASTER PLAN to conduct an investigation. is the blueprint for the measurement and analysis of data. collection,

Research design is basically ...

PLAN:
objectives. an outline of the research scheme and

STRUCTURE:

more detailed and specific outline or scheme of the research work to be done.

STRATEGY: how the research work will be carried

out; specifying the methods of data collection and the analysis of data.

The main characteristics of a research design may be summed up in two words...

Anticipation and Specification

Types of research design

Different classification of designs are suggested. Some of them are as follows:
QUANTITATIVE vs QUALITATIVE: When the reality searched for is objective and quantifiable then one can use Quantitative Research otherwise one may go for Qualitative Research. EXPLORATORY vs CONCLUSIVE: Exploratory research is conducted when what is to be searched is not well defined while Conclusive Research can be undertaken in case the researcher has clear and adequate understanding about the research problem.

Types of research design

(continued)

Different classification of designs are suggested. Some of them are as follows:

CAUSAL vs DESCRIPTIVE: To find cause-andDESCRIPTIVE effect relationships between the variables, one may use Causal Research while to answer who, what, when, where and how, one may go for Descriptive Research. EXPERIMENTAL vs EX-POST FACTO: FACTO Experimental Research is useful in cases where the effects of certain events or actions have to be observed objectively distinguishing from the effects of extraneous variables; while Ex-Post Facto Research is suitable where one has to study the impacts of those events/actions which

Types of research design

(continued)

Different classification of designs are suggested. Some of them are as follows:

CROSS-SECTIONAL vs LONGITUDINAL: LONGITUDINAL Cross-sectional research design is used when data are to be collected for all variables of interest at a point of time while in Longitudinal research design, data are to be collected over time. If the cause has an effect with the passage of time, then longitudinal studies are more relevant.

Types of research design

(continued)

Different classification of designs are suggested. Some of them are as follows:

LABORATORY vs FIELD EXPERIMENTS: EXPERIMENTS Laboratory Experiments are done under laboratory conditions where the researcher has more control on the independent variables. It provides more meaningful causal research. If an experiments is carried out in real-life settings, then it is called Field Experiment. In case of laboratory experiments, subjects are cut-off of from their environment while in case of field experiments, the subjects are being studied in their real life as a consequence, laboratory experiments may not provide true

Types of research design

(continued)

Different classification of designs are suggested. Some of them are as follows:

SIMULATION: When it is difficult for the SIMULATION researcher to conduct experiments on the ACTUAL, he can go for simulation design of research.

Do we have an IDEAL RESEARCH DESIGN?

It is not a question of IDEAL research

design. A Research Design can be a GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN or BAD RESEARCH DESIGN.