A STATIC COMPENSATION

METHOD BASED SCHEME

FOR IMPROVEMENT OF
POWER QUALITY IN WIND
GENERATION
Under the Guidance, Project Members
V.Satyanarayana,M.Tech V.ANJITH KUMAR(08MF1A0215)
K.D PAVAN KUMAR(08MF1A0223)
V.SRINIVASA RAO(08MF1A0252)
D.BRIJESH(08MF1A0220)



Introduction
Wind is a renewable Green Energy source

Load
kinetic
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Introduction
Wind is also a clean Abundant Source
No Emissions, No Pollutions

sulfur
dioxide
particulates
carbon
dioxide
Introduction
One of the main problems in wind energy generation is the connection to the grid.
Injection of wind power into the grid affects the power quality resulting in poor
performance of the system. The wind energy system faces frequently fluctuating
voltage due to the nature of wind and introduction of harmonics into the system.
Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The
performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the
basis of measurements and the norms followed according to the guideline specified
in International Electro-technical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The influence
of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements
are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and
electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to
national/international guidelines. The paper study demonstrates the power quality
problem due to installation of wind turbine with the grid.
Introduction
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Germany USA Denmark CANADA
2004 (MW)
2005 (MW)

Total installed wind power MW-capacity
data from World Wind Energy Association)
Introduction
Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS)
Using Large Squirrel Cage/Slip ring Induction
Generators
Stand alone-Village Electricity
Electric Grid Connected WECS
Distributed/Dispersed/Farm Renewable Wind
Energy Schemes
Located closer to Load Centers
Low Reliability, Utilization, Security
Motivations
Energy crisis
Shortage of conventional fossil fuel based energy
Escalating/rising cost of fossil fuels
Environmental/Pollution/GHG Issues
Greenhouse gas emission /Carbon Print
Acid Rain/Smog/VOC-Micro-Particulates
Water/Air/Soil Pollution &Health Hazards
Motivations
Large wind farm utilization is also emerging (50MW-250
MW) Sized Using Super Wind driven Turbines 1.6, 3.6, 5
MW Sizes
Many new interface Regulations/Standards/PQ
Requirements regarding full integration of large
distributed/dispersed Wind Farms into Utility Grid.
Motivations
Challenges for Utility GridWind Integration.
Stochastically-Highly Variable wind power injected into the Utility
Grid.
Increased Wind MW-Power penetration Level.
Low SCR-Weak Distribution/Sub Transmission/Transmission
Networks
- Mostly of a Radial Configuration
- Large R/X ratio distribution Feeder with high Power Losses (4-
10 %), Voltage Regulation Problems/Power Quality/Interference
Issues.
Required Reactive Power Compensation & Increased Burden brought
by the induction generator

WECS
Sample Distribution Study System
L.L.1
L.L.2
L.L.3
N.L.L
I.M.
T1
T3 T2
Infinite
Bus
WECS-Decoupled Interface Scheme
Cself
Wind
Turbine
I.G.
Lf
Cf
Uncontrolled
Rectifier
PWM
Inverter
To Grid
DC Link
Interface
System Description-wind turbine
Wind turbine model based on the steady-state
power characteristics of the turbine


S -- the Total BladeArea swept by the rotor blades
(m^2)
v -- the wind velocity (m/s)
--air density (kg/v^3)
3
1
2
m p
P C S V =
System Description
3
2
1 3 4 6
( , )
i
c
p
i
C
C C C C e C

| |

| |
= +
|
\ .
tip speed ratio is
the quotient
between the
tangential speed of
the rotor blade tips
and the
undisturbed wind
velocity
3
1 1 0.035
0.08 1
i
| |
=
+ +
C1=0.5176,
C2=116, C3=0.4,
C4=5, C5=21
and C6=0.0068
System Description Wind speed
The dynamic wind speed model consists of four basic
components:
Mean wind speed-14 m/s
Wind speed ramp with a slope of 5.6
Wind gust
Ag: the amplitude of the gust
Tsg: the starting time of the gust
Teg: the end time of the gust
Dg = Teg - Tsg
Turbulence components: a random Gaussian series
[1 cos(2 ( / / ))]
g g sg g
v A t D T D t =
Wind Speed Dynamic Model
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Time (Second)
W
i
n
d

S
p
e
e
d

(
m
/
s
)
The eventual wind
speed applied to
the wind turbine
is the summation
of all four key
components.
MPFC-FACTS Scheme 1
Complementary PWM pulses
to ensure dynamic topology
change between switched
capacitor and tuned arm
power filter
Two IGBT solid state
switches control the operation
of the MPFC via a six-pulse
diode bridge


Tri-loop Error Driven Controller
Voltage
Stabilization
loop
Current Dynamic
Error Tracking loop
Current Harmonic
Tracking Loop
Modulation
Index
DVR-FACTS Scheme 2
A combination of series
capacitor and shunt
capacitor compensation
Flexible structure
modulated by a Tri-loop
Error Driven Controller

If S1 is high and S2 is
low, both the series and
shunt capacitors are
connected into the
circuit, while the
resistor and inductor
will be fully shorted
If S1 is low and S2 is high,
the series capacitor will be
removed from the system,
the resistor and inductor
will be connected to the
shunt capacitors as a
tuned arm filter
HPFC-FACTS Scheme 3
Use of a 6-pulse VSC
based APF to have faster
controllability and
enhanced dynamic
performance
Combination of tuned
passive power filter and
active power filter to
reduce cost
PWM
converter

DC Capacitor
to provide the
energizing
voltage

Passive
Filter
tuned
near 3
rd

harmonic
frequency
Coupling
capacitor
Coupling
transformer
Novel Scheme-3 Multi-loop Error Driven Controller
Novel Decoupled Multi-loop Error Driven Controller
Using decoupled direct and quad. (d , q) voltage
components
Using The Phase Locked Loop (PLL) to get the required
synchronizing signal- phase angle of the synthesized
VSC-Three Phase AC output voltages with Utility-Bus
Using Proportional plus Integral (PI) controller to
regulate any tracked errors
Using Pulse Width Modulation-PWM with a variable
modulation index -m
Novel Decoupled Multi-loop Error Driven Controller
Outer-Voltage Regulator: Tri-loop Dynamic Error-Driven
controller
The voltage stabilization loop
The current dynamic error tracking loop
The dynamic power tracking loop
Inner-Voltage Regulator: Mainly to control the DC-Side
capacitor charging and discharging voltage to ensure
almost a near constant DC capacitor voltage
Controller Tuning
Control Parameter: Selection/optimization
Using a guided Off-Line Trial-and-Error Method based on
successive digital simulations
Minimize the objective function-Jo



Find optimal Gains: kp, ki and individual loop weightings () to
yield a near minimum Jo under different set-selections of the
controller parameters
2
1
( )
N
o t
k
J e k
=
=

Where settling time count N

settling
sample
T
T
=
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
5
10
15
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Kp
A Sample of J0-Ki-Kp 3-phase-portrait for Controller Parameter Searching
Ki
J
o
Digital Simulation
Digital Study System Validation is done by using
Matlab/Simulink/Sim-Power Software Environment under a
sequence of excursions:
Load switching/Excusrions
At t = 0.2 second, the induction motor was removed from bus 5 for a
duration of 0.1 seconds;
At t = 0.4 second, linear load was removed from bus 4 for a duration of 0.1
seconds;
At t = 0.5 second, the AC distribution system recovered to its initial state.
Wind-Speed Gusting changes modeled by dynamic wind speed-
Software model
Digital Simulation
Digital Simulation Environment:
MATLAB /Simulink/Sim-Power
Using the discrete simulation mode with a
sample time of 0.1 milliseconds
The digital simulations were carried out
without and with the novel FACTS-based
devices located at Bus 5 for 0.8 seconds
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 2 without and with MPFC
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Voltage (L-L rms)


with compensation
without compensation
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
1
3
5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Current (rms)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-1
0
1
2
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Real Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-2
-1
0
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Reactive Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.1
Time (Second)
Power Factor
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 3 without and with MPFC
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Voltage (L-L rms)


with compensation
without compensation
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
i
n
t
Current (rms)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Real Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-0.5
0
0.5
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Reactive Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
Time (Second)
Power Factor
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 5 without and with MPFC
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Voltage (L-L rms)


with compensation
without compensation
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Current (rms)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Real Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-1
0
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Reactive Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
Time (Second)
Power Factor
The frequency variation at the WECS
interface without and with MPFC
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Time (Second)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)


with compensation
without compensation
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 2 without and with DVR
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Voltage (L-L rms)


with compensation
without compensation
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
1
3
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Current (rms)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-1
0
1
2
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Real Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-2
-1
0
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Reactive Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
Time (Second)
Power Factor
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 3 without and with DVR
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Voltage (L-L rms)


with compensation
without compensation
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Current (rms)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Real Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-1
0
1
2
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Reactive Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
Time (Second)
Power Factor
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 5 without and with DVR
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Voltage (L-L rms)


with compensation
without compensation
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Current (rms)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Real Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-0.5
0
0.5
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Reactive Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
Time (Second)
Power Factor
The frequency variation at the WECS
interface without and with DVR
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Time (Second)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
e
r
z
)


with compensation
without compensation
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 2 without and with HPFC
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Voltage (L-L rms)


with compensation
without compensation
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
1
3
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Current (rms)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-1
0
1
2
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Real Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-1
0
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Reactive Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
Time (second)
Power Factor
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 3 without and with HPFC
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Voltage (L-L rms)


with compensation
without compensation
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Current (rms)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-0.2
0
0.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Real Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-0.5
0
0.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Reactive Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
Time (Second)
Power Factor
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 5 without and with HPFC
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Voltage (L-L rms)


with compensation
without compensation
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
1.5
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Current (rms)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Real Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-0.5
0
0.5
1
P
e
r

u
n
i
t
Reactive Power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
0.5
1
Time (Second)
Power Factor
The frequency variation at the WECS
interface without and with HPFC
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Time (Second)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
e
r
z
)


with compensation
without compensation
Comparison of Voltage THD with
Different Compensation Scheme
Bus
number
Without
compensator
With
MPFC
With
DVR
With
HPFC
1 28.39% 4.90% 11.9% 4.99%
2 32.70% 4.60% 12.2% 4.88%
3 35.95% 4.29% 12.6% 4.69%
4 35.75% 3.51% 12.2% 4.51%
5 35.77% 3.32% 13.1% 3.90%
6 36.04% 3.57% 8.57% 4.57%
Comparison of Steady-state Bus Voltage with
Different Compensation Scheme
Bus
number
Without
compensator
With
MPFC
With
DVR
With
HPFC
1 0.97 1.02 1.01 1.05
2 0.95 1.00 1.03 1.05
3 0.94 1.00 1.02 1.05
4 0.89 0.99 1.02 1.05
5 0.86 0.99 1.02 1.06
6 0.83 0.96 1.03 1.05
Conclusions
Three Novel FACTS-based Converter &
Control schemes, namely the MPFC, the DVR,
and the HPFC, have been Developed and
validated for voltage stabilization, power
factor correction and power quality
improvement in the distribution network with
dispersed wind energy integrated.

Recommendation
The Low-Cost MPFC-Scheme 1 is preferred for low to
medium size wind energy integration schemes (from 600
to 5000 kW).
The DVR-Scheme 2 is good for Strong AC sub-
transmission and distribution systems with large X/R ratio
The HPFC-Scheme 2 Active Power Filter & Capacitor
Compensator is most suitable for Larger Wind-Farms
with MW-energy penetration level (100 MW or above).
Recommendation
The schemes validated in this research need to be fully
tested in the distribution network with real dispersed wind
energy systems.
This research can be extended to the grid integration of
other dispersed renewable energy.
Other Artificial Intelligence based control strategies can
be investigated in future work.
Conclusions
A Validation Study of a unified sample study system
Using the MATLAB/Simulink
A dynamic wind speed software model was developed to
simulate the varying Random/Stochastic and temporal
wind variations in the MATLAB/Simulink
Three Novel FACTS based Stabilization Schemes were
validated using digital simulations
Novel Control strategies using dynamic Multi-Loop
Decoupled Controllers were developed & Validated
Publications
[1] A. M. Sharaf and Weihua Wang, A Low-cost Voltage Stabilization and Power Quality
Enhancement Scheme for a Small Renewable Wind Energy Scheme, 2006 IEEE International
Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2006, p.1949-53, Montreal, Canada
[2] A. M. Sharaf and Weihua Wang, A Novel Voltage Stabilization Scheme for Standalone
Wind Energy Using A Dynamic Sliding Mode Controller, Proceeding- the 2nd International
Green Energy Conference, 2006, Vol. 2, p.205-301, Oshawa, Canada
[3] A. M. Sharaf, Weihua Wang, and I. H. Altas, Novel STATCOM Controller for Reactive
Power Compensation in Distribution Networks with Dispersed Renewable Wind Energy,
2007 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada,
April, 2007
[4] A. M. Sharaf, Weihua Wang, and I. H. Altas, A Novel Modulated Power Filter
Compensator for Renewable Dispersed Wind Energy Interface, the International Conference
on Clean Electrical Power, 2007, Capri, Italy, May, 2007
[5] A. M. Sharaf, Weihua Wang, and I. H. Altas, A Novel Modulated Power Filter
Compensator for Distribution Networks with Distributed Wind Energy (Accepted by
International Journal of Emerging Electric Power System)