Urgent Opportunities for Transmission System Enhacement

Research Results in Transmission Line Research Results in Transmission Line s-Domain Models, Power System Harmonics, s-Domain Models, Power System Harmonics, Electromagnetic Transients, Switching Electromagnetic Transients, Switching Overvoltage Suppressing Devices Overvoltage Suppressing Devices and FACTS Controls and FACTS Controls

Modal Analysis Modal Analysis

Used worldwide and number of engineering applications continuosly increases Helps determining the nature of problems in spite of the limitations associated with linearization Most effective locations for placing equipment or controllers to improve system performance Equipment or controller design Cost-effective solutions in several power systems areas

Modal Analysis in Power Systems Modal Analysis in Power Systems

Modeling of ac networks using descriptor and s-domain models (transmission lines with distributed and frequency dependent parameters) Small signal stability (electromechanical oscillations, voltage stability and subsynchronous resonance) Harmonic analysis and filter design Electromagnetic transients

Dynamic Analysis of Linear(ized) Systems Dynamic Analysis of Linear(ized) Systems

Poles (Eigenvalues) TF Zeros Linear Time Response Frequency Response

Reduced Order Model (SISO & MIMO)

System Model
(Descriptor System or S-Domain)

Mode-Shapes, Participation Factors, TF Residues & Other Modal Sensitivities

Root-Locus & Root-Contour Plots

Pole Location

Bifurcations; Stability Boundaries

Filter or Controller Design

s-Domain Modeling s-Domain Modeling

Nodal admittance matrix (Y bus ) is built in the s-domain Equations are written directly in the s-domain simpler, efficient and accurate model for distributed parameter, frequency dependent transmission lines Yields lower dimension system matrices Efficient eigensolution algorithms have been developed Advances the state-of-the-art in modal analysis

Electromagnetic Transient Results Electromagnetic Transient Results

Synthetic System for Switching Transient Studies

E sin(0t + ) 0.06 mH 7H VR Transmission Line (500 kV, 300 km) Transmission Line Parameters: Zu = 0.028 /km +s 0.862 mH/km Yu = s 0.0138 F/km

100 F

100 F 550 7H 1H 1.4 F

VS

Reduced Order Model for VR(s) / VS(s) Reduced Order Model for VR (s) / VS (s)
VR = Receiving end voltage
25 Complete Model 20 16th Order Model

VS = Sending end voltage

Voltage (pu)

15

10

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Frequency (Hz)
7

Electromagnetic Transient Results Electromagnetic Transient Results

Sine Input ( = 0o)

Electromagnetic Transient Results Electromagnetic Transient Results

Cosine Input ( = 90o)

Electromagnetic Transient Results Electromagnetic Transient Results

Maximum Overvoltages

Voltage Source Phase Angle ( in degrees)

10

Electromagnetic Transient Results Electromagnetic Transient Results

Maximum Overvoltage Case ( 60o)

11

Harmonic Results Harmonic Results

Z=1.712+j 8.94 Bus 01 138 kV 15.00 MVA ( 0.08 + j 8.0 )% 15.00 MVA ( 0.08 + j 8.0 )% Bus 50 11.9 kV

15.18 MW 6.47 MVAr Bus 10 11.9 kV Bus 21 0.12 MW 0.10 MVAr Bus 22 0.13 MW 0.11 MVAr Bus 23 0.86 MW 0.76 MVAr Bus 24 22.48 F 0.86 MW 0.76 MVAr Bus 25 0.43 MW 0.38 MVAr 7.00 MVA ( 0.05 + j 5.0 )% 480 V Bus 101 Bus 35 0.15 MW 0.13 MVAr Bus 26 0.23 MW 0.20 MVAr 480 V Bus 33 0.14 MW 0.12 MVAr Bus 34 1.00 MW 0.88 MVAr 8.49 F Bus 31 11.24 F 1.09 MW 0.96 MVAr Bus 32 1.20 MW 0.11 MVAr Bus 42 0.14 MW 0.13 MVAr

Bus 11 8.49 F Bus 12 0.10 MW 0.09 MVAr 16.86 F 0.24 MW 0.21 MVAr

Bus 41 0.02 MW 0.02 MVAr

2.81 F

Bus 13

Bus 43 2.54 MW 2.23 MVAr

Bus 14 0.90 MW 0.79 MVAr

0.50 MVA ( 0.05 + j 5.0 )% 480 V

Bus 301 2.60 MVA ( 0.05 + j 5.0 )% Bus 201

Source 1

Source 3

Source 2

12

Harmonic Results Harmonic Results

Weighted Impedance Seen from Bus 13
1.2 1

Original System Proposed Solution

Impedance (pu)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500

Frequency (Hz)
13

Transient Overvoltage Suppressing Device Transient Overvoltage Suppressing Device

Line energization (500 kV, 300 km) Receiving end is open

LOAD

TOSD

14

Transient Overvoltage Suppressing Device Transient Overvoltage Suppressing Device

Line Energization
1500

Receiving End Voltage (kV)

Phase a
1000

Phase b Phase c

500

-500

-1000 0 0.05 0.1

Time (ms)

0.15

0.2

0.25
15

Transient Overvoltage Suppressing Device Transient Overvoltage Suppressing Device

Line Energization (Enlarged View of Time Axis)
1500

Phase a

Receiving End Voltage (kV)

1000

Phase b Phase c

500

-500

-1000 0 0.005 0.01

Time (ms)

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

16

Transient Overvoltage Suppressing Device Transient Overvoltage Suppressing Device

Line Energization with Device
1500

Receiving End Voltage (kV)

Phase a
1000

Phase b Phase c

500

-500

-1000 0 0.05 0.1

Time (ms)

0.15

0.2

0.25

17

Transient Overvoltage Suppressing Device Transient Overvoltage Suppressing Device

Line Energization with Device (Enlarged View of Time Axis)
1500

Receiving End Voltage (kV)

Phase a
1000

Phase b Phase c

500

-500

-1000 0 0.005 0.01

Time (ms)

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

18

FACTS Control Strategies FACTS Control Strategies

TCSC used for: Line Power Scheduling System Oscillation Damping (Power Oscillation Damping POD Controller)
2 P23 1 1000 MW P12 P24 4 3

TCSC
19

TCSC Control System Diagram TCSC Control System Diagram

P xc xr
e f

o w

e r
1

y s

T C
o n t

S
I C

o n t r o l s

o n t r o l le r

F
B
2 - 4

( s )

P
O D

( s )
C

o n t r o lB l Pe Or

( s )

( s )
xin
p

20

TCSC Controls (Detail) TCSC Controls (Detail)

xcont xref
+

PI Controller
Ki s + Kp

Bmax

Parallel Line Status

Logic ON/OFF Protection

Bmin +

BPI

Bmax

POD Controller xinp

s Tw 1 + sTw
1 + saT 1 + sT
n

Series Susceptance

BPOD

Bmin

B2-4

Kstab

Washout

Lead-Lag

Gain Bmax = 5 Bmin = 2.5 = 0.1

21

Ki = 5, Kp = 0.5 in all cases xcont = P 2-4 for Constant Line Power Strategy

TCSC at Fixed Impedance Mode TCSC at Fixed Impedance Mode

Step disturbance PMEC = 1 % Dominant Mode = +0.305 j 6.126
70

2 PMEC
0

3 P23

P12 P24 4

P1-2 P2-3 P2-4

-70 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. Time (s) 25. 30.

TCSC

22

TCSC with POD Controller TCSC with POD Controller

PMEC = 1 % Dominant Mode = -0.890 j 5.822 Incremental steady-state powers are equally shared between the two lines
0.016

2
0.012

3 P23

P1-2

PMEC

0.008

P12 P24 4

P2-3
0.004

P2-4

0.000 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30.

TCSC

-0.004

Time (s) Time (s)

23

TCSC with POD and Constant Line Power TCSC with POD and Constant Line Power Controllers Controllers
PMEC = 1 % Dominant Modes = -0.889 j 5.771 and = -0.123
0.016

0.012

P1-2 P2-3 Brings the power flow in line 2-4 to the specified value P2-4
0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30.

2 PMEC P23 1 P12 P24 4

0.008

0.004

0.000

TCSC
-0.004

Time (s)

24

Transient Stability Results Transient Stability Results

Non-linear simulation data:
t = 0.5 s Short circuit in line 2-3 t = 0.6 s Fault clearance by line tripping t = 0.6 s Rejection of one generation unit (200 MW)
2 P23 = 0 1 800 MW P12 P24 4 3

TCSC
25

Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Results) Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Results)
PI-Controller = ON POD Controller = ON
0.04

Serious Control Problem Dominant Mode: = 0

1-2
0.02

0.00 0. 5. 10. 15. 20.

V2
-0.02

V4
-0.04

Time (s)

26

Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Results) Line Outage Condition (Small Signal Stability Results)
PI-Controller = OFF POD Controller = ON
0.015

System Stable Dominant Mode: = -2.41 j 3.64

0.012

P2-4
0.009

P1-2

0.006

0.003

0.000 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30.

Time (s)

27

Transient Stability Results Transient Stability Results

PI-Controller = ON POD Controller = ON (TCSC output limiter is active Bmin , Bmax)
5.0

System Very Poorly Damped

1000

4.5

BTCSC
4.0

P2-4
800

3.5

600
3.0

2.5

0.

2.

4. 6. Time (s)

8.

10.

400 0.

2.

4. 6. Time (s)

8.

10.

Fault Clearance by line tripping and one generator unit drop ( t = 0.6 s ) Short circuit in line 2-3 ( t = 0.5 s )
28

Transient Stability Results Transient Stability Results

PI-Controller channel turned off by protection logics when line 2-3 is tripped
5.0 4.5 800 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 0. 400 0. 1000

System Highly Damped

P2-4

BTCSC
600

2.

4. 6. Time (s)

8.

10.

2.

4. 6. Time (s)

8.

10.

Fault Clearance by line tripping and one generator unit drop ( t = 0.6 s ) Short circuit in line 2-3 ( t = 0.5 s )
29

Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC
Using TCSC & SVC to emulate UPFC with functions:
Line Power Scheduling System Oscillation Damping Bus Voltage Control
2 P23 1 1000 MW P12 P24 4 3

TCSC SVC

Emulated UPFC
30

Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC

Line Active Flow Deviations Line Active PowerPower Flow

1.5E-2

2 PMEC P23 1 P12 P24 4

1.0E-2

P1-2 P2-3

5.0E-3

P2-4
0.0E+1

TCSC SVC

Brings the power flow in line 2-4 back to the specified value
-5.0E-3 0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20.

Time (s)

Emulated UPFC

31

Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC Emulating UPFC using TCSC + SVC

Voltage Deviation at Bus 2

With Voltage Control With Voltage Control Without Voltage Control Without Voltage Control

2 PMEC P23 1 P12 P24 4

1.0E-3

Brings the voltage at bus 2 to the specified value

0.0E+1

-1.0E-3

TCSC SVC

-2.0E-3 0.

2.

4.

6.

8.

10.

12.

14.

16.

18.

20.

Time (s)

Emulated UPFC

32

Propagation of Electromechanical Disturbances Propagation of Electromechanical Disturbances

Input: PMEC at Itaipu Output: along the system

4 5 3 1 2 1- Itaipu 2- Emborcao 3- Serra da Mesa 4- Tucurui 5- Xing

PMEC

33

Propagation of Electromechanical Disturbances Propagation of Electromechanical Disturbances

3.5E-4

Input: PMEC at Itaipu Output: along the system

1.7E-4

0.0E+1

-1.8E-4

-3.5E-4 0.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Time (s)

- Itaipu - Emborcao - Serra da Mesa - Tucurui - Xing

Unpublished material from Ph.D. thesis of Julio C. R. Ferraz

34

Propagation of Electromechanical Disturbances Propagation of Electromechanical Disturbances

0.4
3.5E-4

1.0 1.2 1.5

1.9

Input: PMEC at Itaipu Output: along the system

1.7E-4

0.0E+1

- Itaipu - Emborcao - Serra da Mesa - Tucurui - Xing

-1.8E-4

-3.5E-4 0.

0.2

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.1

2.3

Time (s)

Unpublished material from Ph.D. thesis of Julio C. R. Ferraz

35

Concluding Remarks Concluding Remarks

Fernando Frana has given a broad view of the challenges faced by the Brazilian ISO Luiz Pilloto presented developments on HSIL lines, Defense Plans, FACTS concepts, new FACTS equipment and software tools This presentation covered a range of topics in which the speaker is directly involved Not much was said about Power Infrastructure Vulnerability, but the speaker is eager to contribute to the discussions

36