Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
P. Pushpangadan
National Botanical Research Institute
(Council of Scientific &Industrial Research),
st 21
Century
21st century is the century of Biology powered and propelled by scientific knowledge and technological expertise
Three technologies namely Biotechnology Herbal technology Information technology (Bioinformatics) are going to be the most powerful elements that are crucial for prosperity and welfare for the people of nations.
Herbal technology
All technologies for the manufacture of value added plant products can be called as herbal technology Herbal drugs and pharmaceuticals, Nutraceuticals, Functional foods, designer foods or health foods and health drinks Cosmaceuticals Biocontrol agents Biopesticides
Local acceptance:
Developing
Malaysia: Per capita consumption of traditional drugs, more than double of modern pharmaceuticals. S.Korea: Per capita consumption of traditional drugs 36% more than modern drugs. African countries: 9 to 10 patients attending hospital OPD have first consulted a traditional healer.
AIDS and other viral infections Opportunistic infections MDR infections (e.g. T.B., Malaria)
Microcirculatory disorders Liver diseases Immunostimulants Anti-cancer Drugs affecting male libido
Herbal Drugs
Inclusions in Pharmacopoeia:
Chinese Pharmacopoeia: 1997 edition has 647 traditional drugs. European Pharmacopoeia: 2000 edition contains monographs on 152 crude drugs. Indian Pharmacopoeia: 1996 edition number shrinked to 57 including only 12 crude drugs.
MEDICINAL PLANTS:
WHO compiled an inventory of 21,000 plants used for medicinal purposes in 91 countries (Penso, 1983) Less than 10,000 species have been investigated (Bhatt, 1997)
Traditional heritage
India is a mega-diversity country rich in all three levels of biodiversity species, genetic and ecosystem/ habitat. India is also rich in cultural diversity with a history of over 6000 years. Indias medical heritage is most important heritage. Organized, codified and systematically arranged written traditions with conceptual philosophy and rationales like Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Amchi use almost 2000 plant species Oral traditions practiced by village physicians, folk healers, tribal healers called as local health tradition use over 8000 plant species
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Bioprospecting
Chemical Prospecting
Drugs and pharmaceuticals Pesticides Cosmetics Food additives Other industrially valuable Chemical products
Gene Prospecting
Genetic engineering Crop development Fermentation Cell culture
Bionic Prospecting
Designs Sensor technologies Architecture Bioengineering Biomodeling
Cosmetics
Proteins Conservation Sustainable use Benefit sharing Bioinformatics Enzymes New crop varieties GMOs GM foods
IPR
Designs etc.
Microscopic & molecular examination Chemical composition (TLC, GLC, HPLC, DNA fingerprinting) Biological activity of the whole plant Shelf life of raw drugs
Physico-chemical value
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Determine PRAKRUTI (Constitution) by -history taking -observations NIDANA (Diagnosis) Nature, degree and extent of imbalance of Tridoshas. Library of 5800 clinical signs and symptoms in Ayurvedic texts CHRONOBIOLOGY: Impact of season, time and environment on Tridoshas. SWASTHAVRUTA: Life style modification AHARA: Dietary modifications PANCHAKARMA: Purification of the body AUSHADHI: "Designer Medicine" unique for the particular patient prepared from a Pharmacopoeia utilising 1200 plants, 100 minerals and 100 animal products in numerous formulations.
a) Macroscopic : Root - 5 to 30 cm or more in length, 2 to 5 cm. in diameter, somewhat longitudinally grooved, transversely cut surface smooth, yellow; texture rough and fibrous; acrid in taste; no particular odour. Stem - 15 to 30 cm. or more in length, 2 to 8 cm. in diameter, straight or occasionally slightly twisted, pale grey or greyish yellow with a fairly smooth surface, marked with longitudinal striations spaced about a mm apart, cut surface yellowish-green to yellow in colour showing wedge shaped areas, fissured with shallow vertical slits of varying length; texture hard, acrid in taste.
b) Microscopic : Root - Transection almost circular in outline; cork cream coloured, 20 to 30 or more rows of uniform rectangular cells with 1 to 2 stone cells; outer cortical tissue characterized by the presence of very prominent yellowish band almost in the form of ring of thick walled, pitted stone cells; prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate found in the thick walled cells; phloem in groups, sieve tubes with oblique pore and simple perforation plate; narrow radiating wedge shaped xylem strips; medullary rays multiseriate with thick walled cells and wedge shaped, extending to the centre, cells filled with rod shaped crystals of calcium oxalate and starch grains which are circular, appearing lenticular on edge view, simple, 30-45 m in diameter hilum indistinct or dot-like centrally placed if present, lamellae indistinct; vessels filled with tyloses and in mature root these tyloses become thick walled giving the appearance of stone cells; fibres long, lignified.
Stem - The transverse section circular in outline, shallowly crenate; cork 20 to 40 cells thick; cortex 5 to 8 layers of tangentially elongated parenchymatous cells having very conspicuous yellowish crenate bands of hard tissue or stone cells with radiating canals and filled with dark yellow content and almost capping the wedge shaped medullary rays and phloem; sclerotic elements cubical to oval with very thick pitted walls filled with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; phloem distinct; xylem narrow, radiating, wedge shaped as in root, vessels 70 to160 m in diameter, solitary, transversely elongated, pitting reticulated with small lenticular orifices, occluded with thick walled tyloses; fibres septate to nonseptate, septate fibres having 2 to5 septa, 270 to 400 m long and 12 m in diameter; medullary rays extend from pith to periphery, broad, multiseriate, interfasicular,15 to many cells high and 2 to many cells wide; pith consist of two regins (i) parenchymatous cells circular to polyhedral in shape with intercelular spaces, cells larger towards the centre (ii) 4 to 6 layers of smaller collenchymatous cells towards periphery.
Powder - Powder of both root and stem yellow with greenish tinge, bitter and odourless. Microscopical examination shows the presence of fibres, tyloses, stone cells, prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, starch grains circular appearing lenticular shaped on edge view, simple, 30-45 m in diameter hilum indistinct or dot like centrally placed if present, lamellae indistinct and fragments of vessels, tracheids and parenchymatous cells; when treated with 1N NaOH aqueous and mounted in nitrocellulose in amylacetate emits very characteristic canary yellow colour under UV365 nm.
Starch grain
IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH Root Foreign matter : Not more than 1% Moisture content : Not more than 7% Total ash : Not more than 2% Acid insoluble ash : Not more than 0.4% Alcohol soluble extractive : Not less than 11% Water soluble extractive : Not less than 10 % Total alkaloid as berberine chloride : Not less than 2% Stem Foreign matter Moisture content Total ash Acid insoluble ash Alcohol soluble extractive Water soluble extractive Total alkaloid as berberine chloride : Not more than 1% : Not more than 6% : Not more than 3% : Not more than 2% : Not less than 3% : Not less than 8% : Not less then 1%
CONSTITUENTS Alkaloids - Berberine, Palmitine, Jatrorrhizine, Proto-berberine, Barbarrubin, N, N-dilindacarpine, Thalifendine and Columbamine.
T.L.C. T.L.C. of alcoholic extract (methanolic) of drug on Silica Gel G plates (precoated aluminium plate) using Isopropanol : Formic acid : Water (45 : 0.1 : 0.4) shows nine fluorescent zones under UV 254 at Rf. 0.10 (blue), 0.17 (blue), 0.24 (greenish yellow), 0.34 (greenish yellow) 0.39 (green), 0.5 (blue), 0.56 (bluish green), 0.78 (blue) and nine fluorescent spots of blue colour under UV 366 nm at similar Rfs. On spraying with modified Dragendroff's reagent 4 spots appear at Rf. 0.10 (brown), 0.24 (brown), 0.34 (reddish brown-Berberin), 0.83 (brown) and 0.89 (brown).
T.L.C. Finger-print profile of Methanolic extract of Maramajal (Coscinium fenestratum) Dectetion : (a) Under UV 366nm (b) Under UV 254 nm. (c) Under visible light after spraying with detecting reagent.
PROPERTIES AND ACTION Rasa : Kasaya, Tikta Guna : Laghu, Ruksa Virya : Usna Vipaka : Katu Karma : Shothara, Vednasthapana, Vernsodhan, Chakshoya
plant wealth and its associated knowledge system Database 2. Conservation and sustainable utilization
Conservation Insitu Exsitu Seed Bank, gene/DNA bank Tissue repository Cryo bank Field Gene Bank 3. Bioprospecting Gene prospecting Drug prospecting Herbal drugs Biomolecules
4. Economic Evaluation of Medicinal Plants 5. Domestication and cultivation of Medicinal Plants 6. Development of protocols for Agrotechniques and post harvest managements 7. Standardization of Raw Drugs and finished products 8. Product Development
International
10. Developing Industrial government producer Partnership