Introduction of Biometrics & Fingerprint Payment Technology

Mohammed Afroze Ali., M.E (CSE)

Contents
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE TYPES OF BIOMETRICS FINGERPRINT PAYMENT TECHNOLOGY CONCLUSION

ABSTRACT
Biometric payment system is used for various kinds of online payment system instead of the tension of using cards and memorize theirs difficult passwords and pin numbers. Biometric payment system is much safe and secure and very easy to use and even without using any password or secret codes, as to previous credit card system. In daily life the usage of credit cards, check card for shopping, travelling etc are used for unlimited purposes, So problem is that a person has to take many cards and has to remember their passwords or secret codes and to keep secure to take with him all time. So the biometric payment system will solve this problem. Greater adoption of biometric payment system will drive down the cost of biometric readers and thus making it more affordable to small business owners.

INTRODUCTION
Nearly 70% of consumers worldwide support using biometrics technology, such as fingerprints or voice recognition, administered by a trusted organization (bank, healthcare provider or government organization) as a way to verify an individual's identity. New global research from Unisys, found 66% of consumers worldwide favored biometrics as the ideal method to combat fraud and identity theft as compared to other methods In the future, no one will need pockets. That stuff jingling around in there keys, credit cards, checkbooks ,will be replaced by something closer to the body. When you need to open a door or make a purchase, chances are you'll do it with a fingerprint, a voice command, or a computer scan of your eyeball. You won't need cash or cards to pay for anything. All you need is your finger and you never leave home without it."

BACKGROUND
What is Biometrics ?
The meaning of Biometrics comes from the Greeks. The Greek hybrid of the words is bio meaning life and metry meaning to measure. Biometrics technology identify a person by their UNIQUE physical and behavioral characteristics As per the saying NECESSITY IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION, the need for a new type of identification. and authentication technique has led to the development of Biometrics SIMPLY SPEAKING Biometrics is personal identification based on who are you rather than what you have or what you know

 .Different Biometric technologies

There are two types of biometric technologies. 1. Based on PHYSICAL characteristics of a person 2. Based on BEHAVIORAL characteristics of a person PHYSICAL Fingerprints identification Iris recognition Face recognition Retinal scan Hand geometry BEHAVIORAL Voice recognition key strokes signature scan

 The working procedure of any biometric system:

ENROLLMENT
Capturing biometric trait using sensor device Extracting relevant features to generate template Store template in database

VERIFICATION
Generate template as in enrollment Match the template against a specific template one-to-onesearch(1:1) Used for physical or computer access

IDENTIFICATION
Match done against a set of templates one-to-manysearch(1:N) Used in identifying criminals.

Basic Architecture of a Biometric System

TYPES OF BIOMETRICS
DNA Biometrics Ear Biometrics Face Recognition Gait Recognition Iris Signature Voice

 Biometrics using DNA for identity:

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a double helix structure present in every cell of human body. The DNA contained in the cells is the blueprint for all life and that genetic code is unique to each individual i.e., no two human beings have the same DNA structure unless it is a case of an identical cloned twin.

 Ear: It has been suggested that the shape of the ear and the
structure of the cartilaginous tissue of the pinna (auricle or the outer ear) are distinctive.

Identification is done by spatial segmentation of ear images.

The ear recognition approaches are based on matching the distance of salient points on the pinna from a landmark location on the ear.

 Face Recognition: It automatically identify or verify

a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. One of the ways to do this is by comparing selected facial features from the image and a facial database. It is typically used in security systems and can be compared to other biometrics such as fingerprint or eye iris recognition systems.

 Gait: Gait is the peculiar way one walks and is a complex

spatio-temporal biometric. Gait is not supposed to be very distinctive, but is sufficiently discriminatory to allow verification in some lowsecurity applications. Gait is a behavioral biometric and may not remain invariant, especially over a long period of time, due to fluctuations in body weight

 Hand: Biometric hand recognition systems measure and

analyze the overall structure, shape and proportions of the hand, e.g. length, width and thickness of hand, fingers and joints; characteristics of the skin surface such as creases and ridges.

 Iris: As far as is known, every human iris is measurably

unique. It is fairly easy to detect in a video picture. Glasses, contact lenses, and even eye surgery does not change the characteristics of the iris.

 Signature Verification: The way a person signs

her name is known to be a characteristic of that individual. Signatures of some people vary substantially: even successive impressions of their signature are significantly different. It is based on measuring dynamic signature features such as speed, pressure and angle used when a person signs a standard, recorded pattern (e.g., autograph).

 Voice Recognition: Voice recognition or speaker

recognition is the problem of identifying a speaker from a short utterance .This biometric technology uses the acoustic features of speech that have been found to differ between individuals. These acoustic patterns reflect both anatomy (e.g., size and shape of the throat and mouth) and learned behavioral patterns (e.g., voice pitch, speaking style).

 FINGERPRINT PAYMENT TECHNOLOGY

 Fingerprint Payment System:

Biometric payment technology allows the consumer to pay with the touch of a finger on a fingerprint scanner linked to a payment file. Biometric payment providers (e.g., Pay-by-Touch and BioPay) require completion of a pre-enrollment process in which index fingers are scanned and drivers license and banking information is recorded in an account database. This process reportedly takes less than two minutes. In addition to transaction settlement, biometric payment providers may also link captured transactions to loyalty reward programs, gift cards, discount coupons and Web access services.

 Fingerprint template:
A fingerprint template is the name used to describe a stored file in a fingerprint scanning system. When a fingerprint is entered in to the system, only a "template" of the fingerprint is stored, not an image of the fingerprint. The first step in fingerprint identification is collecting the fingerprint using a special sensing device. This process is referred to as enrollment. In this step, the fingerprint is acquired for authentication. A fingerprint template is smaller than the actual fingerprint image and using the template instead of an image makes for faster processing time.

 Fingerprint Uniqueness:
What actually makes a fingerprint unique depends on one main factor. Fingerprints basically consist of ridges (raised skin) and furrows (lowered skin) that twist to form a distinct pattern. When an inked imprint of a finger is made, the impression created is of the ridges while the furrows are the uninked areas between the ridges. Other characteristics of the fingerprint called minutiae are what is most unique to the individual, . Minutiae are discontinuities in ridges, and can take the form of ridge endings, bifurcations (forks), crossovers (intersections) and many others.

 All fingerprints can be classified into three categories based on their major central pattern. These patterns are the arch, loop, and whorl.

 In order for an image to be handled by a computer, it must first be digitized. For this study, the image had to be sampled in a different manner. Instead of sampling in the general Cartesian space, the image is sampled through a pattern consisting of concentric circles. The correlation operation is performed in a circular fashion so that the shifted signal must wrap around the other.

 Fingerprint Matching
Fingerprint matching techniques can be placed into two categories: minutiae-based and correlation based. Minutiaebased techniques first find minutiae points and then map their relative placement on the finger. However, there are some difficulties when using this approach. It is difficult to extract the minutiae points accurately when the fingerprint is of low quality. The correlation-based method is able to overcome some of the difficulties of the minutiae-based approach. However, it has some of its own shortcomings. Correlation-based techniques require the precise location of a registration point and are affected by image translation and rotation.

 Matching: How the MINUTIAES are mapped and grouped

with respect to the fingerprint and the fingerprint template stored in a database

 Fingerprint Image Enhancement: A critical

step in automatic fingerprint matching is to automatically and reliably extract minutiae from the input fingerprint images. However, the performance of a minutiae extraction algorithm relies heavily on the quality of the input fingerprint images.
SENSOR

MINUTIAE

ENROLLMENT DATABASE

MATCHER

USER IDENTITY

 An Example of How One Fingerprint Payment System Works:

The biometric registration of customer takes place, by presenting valid identification and bank account information. The shopper scans his index finger, using the kiosk's finger scan reader. Then the shopper stores the customer's biometric data and banking information in a centralized database. The customer now has the option of selecting biometric payment at the point of sale register. If he chooses biometric payment, shopper scans his finger at the checkout register and request him to type his PIN for the transaction The electronic reader compares the biometric data in the database and either approves or declines the transaction. If approved, the funds are electronically transferred from the customer's account to the shoppers account.

 Advantages Of Biometric Payment System include:

Enhanced security for the end user. Speedy transactions.

No need for the end user to carry cash, checks or credit cards

 CONCLUSION:
The conclusion of this whole paper is that the card payment system should be replaced and there must be more easier, reliable, secure, cash free and tension free payment system, i-e biometric payment system. In card payment system various types of cards and other things are used , disadvantage is that there may be a misplacement or the card may be stolen. So to consider all these kinds of problems and disadvantages of card payment system the fingerprints payment system is suggested to be implemented because it is easier, reliable, feasible, secure and easily authorized to everyone. Biometric payment system may be like fingerprints, IRIS, face recognition and blood reading or skin reading and it may be installed at any store, university, library, hostel, bank, office, home door lock, internet online shopping and many kinds where card system is installed.