B.

Integration of the form

(a sin mx cos nx dx )

(b cos mx cos nx dx (c ) ) Use the following formulae 1 sin AClick toB = Master subtitle style + sin (A + B)} cos edit {sin (A B) 2
1 sin A sin B = {cos( A B) cos( A + B)} 2

sin mx sin nx dx

1 cos A cos B = {cos( A B) + cos( A + B)} 2 4/13/12

Exampl e:

sin 2x cos 3xdx sin 2x sin 3xdx

cos 2x cos 3xdx

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 tan

Integrating powers of tangent and secant

m

x dx If m is positive and

i)Express tan m x dx as

tan m x dx = tan m 2 x tan 2 x dx

ii)Chan tan 2 x ge
to

odd/even integration: Basic

tan x

dx = n sec x + c

sec 2 x

term using the identity trigo

tan 2 x = sec 2 x 1
u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx

iii) Use the substitution

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tan 5 x dx
tan 4 x dx

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The procedures for integrating powers of secant,

.

For .m is even

sec x

sec

x dx = tan x + c

sec m x dx = sec 2 x . sec m 2 x dx

I m 2 0 , then used the identity f 2 2

sec x = 1 + tan x

oThen use the substitution u = tan x

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i) sec x dx
4

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For m is odd oBasic integration:

sec x

dx = n sec x + tan x + c
sec m 2 x tan x m 2 sec x dx = + sec m 2 x dx m 1 m 1
m

oUsed the reduction formula:

i)

sec 5 x dx

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Integrating products of tangent and secant. If m and n are positive integers, then the integral m x sec n x dx tan

Procedure n Even
Split off a factor of sec2 x.

Apply relevant identity

sec 2 x = tan 2 x + 1

tan m x sec n 2 x sec 2 x dx

du = sec 2 x dx

Make substitution u = tan x

m Odd

Split off a factor of sec x tan x.

Apply relevant identity Make substitution u = sec x

tan 2 x = sec 2 x 1 du = sec x tan x dx

tan m 1 x sec n 1 x sec x tan x dx

m even Use the relevant identities n odd to reduced the integrand to

powers of sec x alone. Then use the procedures for Powers of sec x.

tan 2 x = sec 2 x 1

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tan 2 x sec 4 x dx

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tan 3 x sec 3 x dx =

tan 2 x tan x sec x sec 2 x dx

= ( sec 2 x 1) sec 2 x(tan x sec x ) dx

= ( sec 4 x sec 2 x)(tan x sec x ) dx

= sec 4 x(tan x sec x ) dx (sec 2 x)(tan x sec x ) dx
u = sec x
= u du
4 2

du = sec x tan x dx

u5 u3 u du = +c 5 3

sec 5 x sec 3 x = +c 5 3
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tan x sec x dx

sec n 2 x tan x n 2 n 2 + sec x dx = sec x dx n1 n1

n

= (sec 2 x 1) sec x dx = sec 3 x dx sec x dx

sec x

dx = n sec x + tan x + c

sec x dx =
3

sec x tan x 1 + sec x dx 2 2 sec x tan x 1 + ln | sec x + tanx | 2 2

sec x tan x 1 + ln | sec x + tanx | - ln | sec x + tanx | + c 2 2 = sec x tan x 1 ln | sec x + tanx | + 2 2

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