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Biographical Characteristics
Biographical Characteristics
Personal characteristicssuch as age, gender, and marital statusthat are objective and easily obtained from personnel records.
Multiple Intelligences Intelligence contains four subparts: cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.
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Physical Abilities
Physical Abilities
The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
Flexibility Factors
5. Extent flexibility 6. Dynamic flexibility
Other Factors
7. Body coordination 8. Balance 9. Stamina
Source: Adapted from HRMagazine published by the Society for Human Resource Management, Alexandria, VA.
E X H I B I T 22
Employees Abilities
Ability-Job Fit
Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
Learning
Involves change Is relatively permanent
Concept of learning
Process of acquiring ability to respond in an adequate manner to a situation which might not have been encountered previously.
Process by which new behavior is acquired , involves changes in behavior , practicing them and permanently implementing them.
Nature of Learning
Involves change in behavior Temp change is not a part of learning Based on some form of practice or experience Behavior must be reinforced
Components of learning
Drive based on motivation, strong stimulus impels action. Cues & stimuli objects in environment as perceived by individual. Generalization same conditions Discrimination emits response bt nt same
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Theories of Learning
Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
Key Concepts Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response
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Source: The Far Side by Gary Larson 1993 Far Works, Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
E X H I B I T 23
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Social-Learning Theory
Key Concepts
Attentional processes Retention processes Motor reproduction processes Reinforcement processes
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Shaping Behavior
Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response. Key Concepts
Reinforcement is required to change behavior. Some rewards are more effective than others. The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence.
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Types of Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Providing a reward for a desired behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs.
Punishment
Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior.
Extinction
Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation.
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated.
Intermittent Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.
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Variable-Interval Schedule
Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.
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Fixed-ratio
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OB Mod
Behavior Modification
Employee Discipline
The use of punishment can be counterproductive.
Self-management
Reduces the need for external management control.
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