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MANGEMENT- I
Outlines
Introduction
Raster Data
Vector Data
Raster and Vector Structures
Raster and Vector Advantages and
Disadvantages
Introduction
Geographic Data and Information are
the heart of GIS.
Videography Films
5
Introduction
vertex
Line - a sequence of points
Node
Point
Line
Zone of cells
Polygon
Raster and Vector Data
Raster Coding
Resolution
Gridding and Linear Features
Raster Precision and Accuracy
Raster Coding
Cell Center: involves reading only the center of the cell and
assigning the code accordingly. Not good for points or lines.
Dominant Area: to assign the cell code to the feature with the
largest (dominant) share of the cell. This is suitable primarily
for polygons.
Smaller cells have less spatial error because the area of doubt is
smaller.
Shape points are the ends and bends that define the feature’s
outline.
Node are end points and vertices are between, defining the
shape.
Chains are vectors or data structure paths that are not part of
the actual stored data elements; they are not real lines, but
define and present the connection between shape points.
Vector system data files store only the coordinate of each node
and vertex; the hardware draws the connecting chain
segments. It is virtual component.
Spatial inaccuracies
roads
lati
Raster
Vector
Real World
Representing Data with Raster and
Vector Models
Raster Model
area is covered by grid with (usually) equal-
sized, square cells
attributes are recorded by assigning each cell a
single value based on the majority feature
(attribute) in the cell, such as land use type.
Image data is a special case of raster data in
which the “attribute” is a reflectance value
from the geomagnetic spectrum
cells in image data often called pixels
(picture elements)
Representing Data with Raster and
Vector Models
Vector Model
The fundamental concept of vector GIS is that all
geographic features in the real work can be
represented either as:
points or dots (nodes): trees, poles, fire
plugs, airports, cities
lines (arcs): streams, streets, sewers,
areas (polygons): land parcels, cities,
counties, forest, rock type
Vector and Raster Models in
GIS
Representation of
Lines
Raster
Vector
TOPOLOGY (for vector
data)
What is topology?
Why is important?
Three types of topological models in GIS
Spatial operations of topology
Contiguity
Connectivity
Trade-offs of topological structure
Application model
Triangular Irregular Network (TIN):Vector-based
GIS
Spatial features and spatial
relationships
Spatial features in maps
Points, lines and polygons
Human being interprets additional
information from maps about the
spatial relationships between
features
A route trace from an airport to a house
Land contiguity adjacent to streets along
which the lands are located
The definition of Topology
The spatial relationships can be interpreted
identification of connecting lines along a path
definition of the areas enclosed within these
lines
identification of contiguous areas
In digital maps, these relationships are
depicted using ‘Topology’
Topology = A mathematical procedure for
explicitly defining spatial relationship
Topology is the description of how the spatial
objects are related with spatial meaning
Topological data models
Three types of topological concepts
Arc, Node and polygon topologies
Arc
Arcs have directions and left and right polygons
(=contiguity)
Node
Nodes link arcs with start and end nodes
(=connectivity)
Polygon
Arcs that connect to surround an area define a
polygon (=area definition)
Terms and concepts
Ar Right
Left
c Polygon
Polygon
From
Node
Spatial operations of
topology
Connectivity and contiguity (Aronoff, 1989)
A basic, but core spatial analysis operations in GIS
Contiguity
A biologist might be interested in the habitats that
occur next to each other
A city planner might be interested in zoning conflicts
such as industrial zones bordering recreation areas
Connectivity
Transportation network, telecommunication systems,
river systems
To find optimum routings or most efficient delivery
routes or the fastest travel route
To predict loading at critical points in a river channel
To estimate water flow at a bridge crossing that will
result from heavy flood
Trade-offs of topology
Advantages
Spatial data is stored more efficiently
Analysis process faster and efficient for large
data sets
By topological relationships, we can perform
spatial analysis functions,
Modelling flow through the connection of lines in
a network (i.e. buffering)
Combining adjacent polygons with similar
characteristics (i.e. spatial merge)
Overlaying geographical features (i.e. spatial
overlay)
Disadvantages
Extra cost and time
creating topological structure does impose a
cost
Topology should be always updated when a new
map or existing map is updated
Additional batch job working
To avoid the extra efforts, GIS systems need to
run a batch job (i.e. a process that can be run
without user interactions); 70% of total GIS
costs
Autoexec.bat in DOS
Macro languages such as AML (Arc/Info), Avenue
(ArcView), MapBasic (MapInfo) and etc
Conclusions of topology
When topology is created, we can
identify
Know its positions of spatial features
Know what is around it
Understand its geographical
characteristics by virtue of recognising
its surroundings
Know how to get from A to B
Thank You