INDUCTIVE TYPE TRANDUCERS

BY -

ARPITA NAYYAR (02) CHANCHAL THAWANI (04) DEEPA KHIYANI (18) MITALI VYAS (20)

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INTODUCTION
A Transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. n Energy type can be any including electrical, mechanical, chemical etc. n Transducers are widely used in measuring instruments. n Transducers commonly implies the use of a sensor or detector.
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Principle of inductive type transducers

It works on the principle of the magnetic induction of magnetic material. It operates on the principle that the relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor. Because the pressure induced electrical output signal requires relative motion, the inductive design is limited to dynamic measurements.

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In practice, this means that an electric current will be induced in any closed circuit when the magnetic flux through a surface bounded by the conductor changes. This applies whether the field itself changes in strength or the conductor is moved through it. n The induced electromotive force (EMF) in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.
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Classification of tranducers
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There are two common type of inductive tranducers :

Simple inductance type And two coil inductance type.

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CONSTRUCTION
n Simple

inductance type tranducers

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Two coil mutual inductance type

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Factors affecting the inductance type transducer

n

`NUMBER OF WIRE WRAPS, OR "TURNS" IN THE COIL :

COIL AREA :

COIL LENGTH:

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CORE MATERIAL:

working
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An ac source is given to the primary. This ac source excites the primary and a flux is produced. This flux is linked to the secondary coil and thus a voltage V is induced. If the mutual inductance between the primary and secondary windings is represented by M (Hertz) and the frequency of ac excitation is represented by w, then the voltage V developed in secondary coil can be written as V = MwIp. Ip - The current due to excitation in primary (Amperes). The current in the primary coil produces a magnetic flux that links with the secondary coil through the displacement plate. Thus, the movement of the ferromagnetic plate to the right causes a greater value of flux linkage between the two terminals. This in turn causes an increase in the resulting output voltage across the secondary terminal with a value of (T1-T2). This output is given to the input of the CRO or a recorder and the amount of displacement can be 4/14/12 known in terms of voltage.

INTRODUCTION
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The Linear Variable Differential Transducer (LVDT) is the most broadly used variable-inductance transducer in industry. It is an electro-mechanical device designed to produce an AC voltage output proportional to the relative displacement of the transformer and the armature. n Typical LVDT 4/14/12
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LVDT

Input: Power input is a 3 to 15 V (rms) sine wave with a frequency between 60 to 20,000 Hz (the two most common signals are 3 V, 2.5 kHz and 6.3 V, 60 Hz). Stroke: Full-range stroke ranges from 125 m to 75 mm (0.005 to 3 in). Sensitivity: Sensitivity usually ranges from 0.6 to 30 mV per 25 m (0.001 in) under normal excitation of 3 to 6 V. Generally, the higher the frequency the higher the sensitivity. Nonlinearity: Inherent nonlinearity of standard units is on the order of 0.5% of full scale.

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PRINCIPLE
n
n

LVDT:

LVDT works under the principle of mutual induction, and the displacement which is a non-electrical energy is converted into an electrical energy. And the way how the energy is getting converted is described in working of LVDT in a detailed manner. 4/14/12

LVDT consists of a cylindrical former where it is surrounded by one primary winding in the centre of the former and the two secondary windings at the sides. The number of turns in both the secondary windings are equal, but they are opposite to each other, i.e., if the left secondary windings is in the clockwise direction, the right secondary windings will be in the anticlockwise direction, hence the net output voltages will be the difference in voltages between the two secondary coil. The two secondary coil is represented as S1 and S2 Esteem iron core is placed in the centre of the cylindrical former which can move in to and fro motion as shown in the figure. The AC excitation voltage is 5 to 12V and the operating frequency is 4/14/12 given by 50 to 400HZ.

CONSTRUCTION

WORKING OF LVDT
lThe

device consists of an arm that moves linearly according to the displacement produced. It also consists of a single coil wound on a former with N number of turns. The end of the arm is connected to a soft iron core which moves linearly along the axis of the former. Thus, reluctance R will be produced due to the flux path. The coil inductance of the device can be written by the equation, L= N2 /R.
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A linear movement of the arm to the right decreases the reluctance R of the flux path. Thus, according to the equation given above, the inductance increases due to the decrease in reluctance and vice versa. This inductance L can be calculated or recorded with the help of an inductance bridge or through a recorder. Thus the measure of the displacement of the arm can be obtained from the corresponding change in inductance. If the transducer is connected to the input of an oscillator tank circuit, the change in frequency f of the oscillator could be taken as the measurement for the corresponding change in the displacement of the arm. A displacement of the arm changes the inductance and hence the frequency. Thus, the output can be measured in terms of inductance and 4/14/12 frequency

LET US STUDY BY CASES

Let's study the working of LVDT by splitting the cases into 3 based on the iron core position inside the insulated former. Case 1: On applying an external force which is the displacement, if the core remains in the null position itself without providing any movement then the voltage induced in both the secondary windings are equal which results in net output is equal to zero i.e., Esec1-Esec2=0

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Case 2:
When an external force is appilied and if the steel iron core tends to move in the left hand side direction then the emf voltage induced in the secondary coil 1 is greater when compared to the emf induced in the secondary coil 2. Therefore the net output will be Esec1Esec2

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Case 3:
When an external force is applied and if the steel iron core moves in the right hand side direction then the emf induced in the secondary coil 2 is greater when compared to the emf voltage induced in the secondary coil 1. therefore the net output voltage will be Esec2-Esec1

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ADVANTAGES OF LVDT

Infinite resolution is present in LVDT High output LVDT gives High sensitivity Very good linearity Ruggedness LVDT Provides Less friction Low hysteresis LVDT gives Low power consumption.

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DISADVANTAGES OF LVDT
Very high displacement is required for generating high voltages. n Shielding is required since it is sensitive to magnetic field. n The performance of the transducer gets affected by vibrations n Its is greatly affected by temperature changes. 4/14/12
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APPLICATION OF LVDT
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LVDT is used to measure displacement ranging from fraction millimeter to centimeter.

Acting as a secondary transducer, LVDT can be used as a device to measure force, weight and pressure, etc..

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THANK YOU!!!

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