LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT

Humans and animals need to move from one place to another to find food, shelter, mates and to escape from predators LOCOMOTION = the ability of organisms to move in its environment SUPPORTING STRUCTURE = skeleton - to provide mechanical support for the body - protection for internal organ - base for attachment of muscles

TYPES OF SKELETON
HYDROSTATIC SKELETON EXOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
Found in soft-bodied invertebrates The support derived from body fluid contained within the body cavity The fluid is kept under pressure thus maintaining the body shape and support for internal organs

EXOSKELETON (EXTERNAL)
Found in animals such as arthropods like crab, insects and lobster Function :
support important body organs protect the internal structures from damage allow animals to move

 Insect has exoskeleton called cuticle Cuticle is covered with wax so its prevent the loss of water Exoskeleton restrict the growth of animals. Growth of insects can occur only by the shedding of old exoskeleton (ecdysis)

ENDOSKELETON (INTERNAL)
Is a rigid framework of bone and cartilage Found in all vertebrates (fish, amphibian, bird) FUNCTION : - maintaining body shape - supporting soft tissues - protecting internal organs - store minerals (calcium and phosphorus) - involve in movements

HUMAN SKELETON
Can be divided into : - the axial skeleton (the vertical axis of the body) - the appendicular skeleton (made up of a bone that are attached to the axial skeleton)

AXIAL SKELETON
CONSIST OF: SKULL VERTEBRAL COLUMN RIBS STERNUM

SKULL
On top of vertebral column Consist of cranial and facial bones The bones which make up the skull are held together by immovable joints called SUTURE

VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Also called the spine or backbone Composed of series of bone called vertebrae Function : - enclosed and protect the spinal cord - support the head - serve as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle and the muscle of the back and neck

Consist of: Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) Caudal vertebrae (coccyx)

Structure

Function

Spinous process Tranverse process Centrum

Veterbral foramen

Provide surface for attachment of ligaments and muscles Provide surface for attachment of ligaments and muscles Provide support and absorb shocks
Provide the passage of nerves from the spinal cord

STERNUM AND RIBS

The rib cage consist of 12 pairs of ribs which articulate with the thoracic vertebrae at the back portion and join to the sternum in the front portion The sternum and the ribs enclosed and protect internal organs such as lungs and heart

APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Consist of : PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE HUMERUS ULNA RADIUS PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE FEMUR TIBIA FIBULA