Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Revivalism
&
Reform
Overview
• Religious revivalism and social and
economic changes lead to reform
movements.
• Most reformers eventually enter
political arena.
• Greater political organization and
participation energizes reform
movements.
• As nation expands westward, part of
the competition for reform is over the
west.
The Second Great
Awakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within”
[Religious Revivalism]
1823 Golden
Tablets
1830 Book of
Mormon
1844 Murdered in
Carthage, IL
Joseph Smith
(1805-1844)
Violence Against Mormons
The Mormon “Trek”
The Mormons
(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
Deseret
community.
Salt Lake City,
Utah
Brigham Young
(1801-1877)
Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)
The Shakers
If you will take up your crosses against the
works of generations, and follow Christ in the
regeneration, God will cleanse you from all
unrighteousness.
“The American
Scholar” (1837)
Transcendentalism
• Romanticism/transcendentalism refers to a
set of loosely connected attitudes toward
nature and humankind.
– NOT romantic “love”
• The movement known as romanticism sprang
up in both Europe and America as a reaction
to everything that had come before it:
– The rationalism of the 18th Century Age of Reason.
– The strict doctrines of Puritanism.
– The early industrial revolution.
Transcendentalism
• Romantic artists, philosophers, and writers
saw the limitations of reason and celebrated
instead the glories of the individual spirit, the
emotions, and the imagination as basic
elements of human nature.
• The splendors of nature inspired the
romantics with more than the fear of God,
and some of them felt a fascination with the
supernatural.
• Romantic works exhibited a preoccupation
with atmosphere, sentiment, and optimism.
Transcendentalism
Key Ideals
• There is an essential unity of all creation.
• There is a deep continuity between nature
and humans.
• Nature is an emblem of spiritual reality,
through which one can gain access to
transcendent truth.
• Nature thus has deep religious/spiritual
meaning, but ultimately it is that which
transcends nature that has the deepest
spiritual value.
Transcendentalism
• Because of the continuity of nature and
the spirit, to understand spiritual
truths, one needs to develop sensitivity
to and communion with nature.
• Time spent in contemplation of nature
and its beauty is an essential part of the
religious/spiritual process.
Walden
Original Fireplace Site
View from the cabin to Walden Pond
A Transcendentalist Critic:
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
Their pursuit of the ideal led to
a distorted view of human
nature and possibilities:
* The Blithedale Romance
spontaneity discipline
self-fulfillment organizational
hierarchy
George Ripley (1802-1880)
Brook Farm
West Roxbury, MA
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Utopian Socialist
“Village of Cooperation”
Original Plans for New Harmony,
IN
Dorothea Dix
(1802-1887)
1821 first
penitentiary founded
in Auburn, NY
Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
Temperance Movement
1826 - American Temperance Society
“Demon Rum”!
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
Sarah Ingraham
(1802-1887)
Emma Willard
(1787-1870)
Lucy Stone
Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké
American Women’s
Suffrage Assoc.
Southern Abolitionists
edited Woman’s Journal
R2-9
Women’s Rights
1840 split in the abolitionist movement
over women’s role in it.
London World Anti-Slavery Convention
Lewis Tappan
James Birney
Liberty Party.
Ran for President in
1840 & 1844.
Arthur Tappan
Black Abolitionists
David Walker
(1785-1830)