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Ascending Pathways
Three-neuron pathways:
Primary sensory neurons:
From external receptors Travel through dorsal roots of spinal cord
Secondary neurons:
Make up tracts in spinal cord and brainstem
Tertiary neurons:
From thalamus to primary sensory cortex Travel through internal capsule
Ascending Pathways
Spinothalamic System
Lateral spinothalamic tract Anterior spinothalamic tract
Lateral Spinothalamic
Blue
2
Green
3
Blue
2
Green
3
Anterior Spinothalamic
Blue
2
Primary fibers ascend entire length of spinal cord and synapse with secondary neurons in medulla:
Fasciculus gracilis Fasciculus cuneatus
Medial Lemniscus
Red:
Gracilis
Blue
cuneatus
Medial Lemniscus
Medial Lemniscus
Spinocerebellar Tracts
Spino-Olivary Tracts
Project to accessory olivary nuclei and cerebellum. Contribute to movement coordination associated primarily with balance.
Spinotectal Tracts
Project to superior colliculi of midbrain. Involved in reflexive turning of the head and eyes toward a point of cutaneous stimulation.
Spinoreticular Tracts
Involved in arousing consciousness in the reticular activating system through cutaneous stimulation.
Afferent neurons from center of intrafusal fibers travel through dorsal root of spinal nerve to synapse directly with alpha motor neurons of extrafusal fibers in which muscle spindle is embedded.
Afferent neurons from muscle spindle also synapse with ascending fibers within spinal cord.
Gamma motor neurons supply intrafusal fibers of muscle spindle:
Regulate sensitivity of intrafusal fibers. Gamma neurons are modulated by descending fibers within spinal cord.
Golgi-Tendon Reflex
Lie within tendons near the muscle-tendon junction. Stimulated when tendon is stretched.
Golgi-Tendon Organs/Reflex
Afferent neurons from Golgi organs pass through dorsal root of spinal nerve and synapse with inhibitory association neurons in posterior gray matter of spinal cord.
Golgi-Tendon Organs/Reflex
Association neurons synapse with alpha motor neurons that innervate muscle fibers associated with tendon. Causes relaxation of associated muscles and prevents damage to the tendon due to excessive tension.