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A good plan should address the following Issues : Provision of required Capacity. Optimum usage of available frequency spectrum. Minimum number of sites. Provision for easy and smooth expansion of the Network in future. Provision of adequate coverage.
Introduction to RF Planning
In general a planning process starts with the inputs from the customer. The customer inputs include customer requirements, business plans, system characteristics, and any other constraints. After the planned system is implemented, the assumptions made during the planning process need to be validated and corrected wherever necessary through an optimization process. We can summarize the whole planning process under the 4 broad headings Capacity planning Coverage planning Parameter planning Optimization
Historical perspective
- Wireless telephony network design is relatively new business with a 10-15 year history During this period many new tools and techniques have been developed: - More accurate radio coverage prediction - More accurate facility network design - Enhanced field measurement analysis to improve network performance. - New technology applications ( microcells, repeaters, smart antennas systems. ) - Better tools and methods to evaluate and predict traffic conditions
DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
The objective of radio planning is a technical realization of the marketing requirements, taking into account of the following constraints.
- Technical requirements from the license conditions. - GSM system specific parameters (e.g. GSM recs 5.05 etc.) - Manufacturer specific features and parameters. - Radio communications principles and fundamentals. - Budgetary factors.
LICENSE CONDITIONS
An example of technical requirements following from a license.
Coverage requirements. - Class 2 or class 4 coverage of 60 % of the population 12 months from commercial launch. - Class 2 or class 4 coverage of 95 % of the population 36 months from the commercial launch. Quality of coverage - Service to be available in 90 % of the declared area and for 90 % of the time. Grade of Service - Endeavour to achieve 5 % or better Frequency Allocation - One of the major limitations in the GSM 900 system is the number of frequencies available to a GSM network operator. There is a relatively small bandwidth available that has to be divided over all the licensed operators. Most network operators are limited to 30-60 frequencies for handeling all traffic. - GSM 1800 offers 75 MHz bandwidth
BTS Transmit power Receiver sensitivity Combiner performances Cable loss Antenna performance Availability of frequency hopping and power control Handover algorithm Capacity number of TRX provided.
Propagation loss Shadowing Multipath fading Power link budgets Interference effects The (un)predictability of radio wave propagation
Introduction to RF Planning
A simple Planning Process Description
Business plan. No of Subs. Traffic per Subs. Subs distribution Grade of service. Available spectrum. Frequency Reuse. Types of coverage RF Parameters Field strength studies Available sites Site survey Capacity Studies Plan verification Quality check Update documents
Implement Plan
Monitor Network
Optimize Network
Capacity Studies Coverage plan & Interference studies Frequency plans and interference Studies Antenna Systems BSS parameter planning Data base & documentation of approved sites Expansion Plans.
Introduction to RF Planning
Data Acquisition Implemented Planning Data Data Evaluation Implemented Recommendation
Recommendations : Change frequency plan Change antenna orientation/Down tilt Change BSS Parameters Dimension BSS Equipment Add new cells for coverage Interference reduction Blocking reduction Augment E1 links from MSC to PSTN
UL
MS 33 dBm -3 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 30 dBm
DL
BTS 43 dBm 0 dB 0 Db - 1.5 dB - 2 Db 17.5 dB 57 dBm
UL
MS -107 dBm 17.5 dBm 3 Db - 2 dB - 1.5 dB 3 dB 0 dB 0 dB -121 dBm
DL
BTS -102 dBm 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 3 Db -3 dB 0 dB -96 dBm
Fade margin
Reqd Isotropic Rx. Power Maximum Permis. Path los
4 dB
-117 dBm 147 Db
4 Db
-92 dBm 149 dB
Summary
A good RF Planning ensures that the mobiles receive certain minimum signal strength for specified percentage of time over a specified area of coverage. The MS receive signal strength depends on the path loss depends on the path loss between the MS and the BTS. The path loss in a mobile environment includes : > Free space path loss >Additional Loss due to Topography of the site ( clutter Factor ) >Confidence level required. (Probability of area coverage ) In general RF Planning means the understanding of : > > > > > Propagation Models Coverage aspects Link Budgets ( Power Budgets) Antenna considerations Frequency planning and reuse aspects.
Propagation Environment
Some Typical values for Building Attenuation
Type of building Farms, Wooden houses, Sport halls Small offices,Parking lots,Independent houses,Small apartment blocks Attenuation in dBs 0-3 4-7
8-11
12-15 16-19 20-23 24-27
Propagation Models
Classical Propagation models : Log Distance propagation model Longley Rice Model (Irregular terrain model ) Okumara Hata Cost 231 Hata (Similar to Hata, for 1500-2000 MHz band Walfisch Ikegami Cost 231 Walfisch-Xia JTC XLOS (Motorola proprietary Model ) Bullington Du path Loss Model Diffracting screens model
Propagation Models Important Propagation models : Okumara Hata model (urban / suburban areas )( GSM 900 band ) Cost 231 Hata model (GSM 1800 band ) Walfisch Ikegami Model (Dense Urban / Microcell areas ) XLOS (Motorola proprietary Model )
Q1 = 69.55 for frequencies from 150 to 1000 MHz. = 46.3 for frequencies from 1500 to 2000 MHz.
Q2 = 26.16 for frequencies from 150 to 1000 MHz. = 33.9 for frequencies from 1500 to 2000 MHz.
Q0 = 0 dB for Urban = 3 dB for Dense Urban
LMBD = k0 + ka +kd.log(d) +kf.log(f) 9.log(w) Where K0 = - 18 log (1+ hB) Ka = 54 0.8 ( hB) Kd = 18 15 ( hB/hr) Kf = - 4 +0.7 {f/925) 1 } for suburban areas Kf = - 4 +1.5 {f/925) 1 } for urban areas W= street width hB= hB hr For simplified calculation we can assume ka = 54 and kd = 18
Model
Okumara-Hata
Signal Variations
Fade margin becomes necessary to account for the unpredictable changes in RF signal levels at the receiver. The mobile receive signal contains 2 components : A fast fading signal (short term fading ) A slow fading signal (long term fading )
RSS
-100
P(x)
Bin Numbers
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Confidence Intervals
The normal of the Gaussian distribution helps us to estimate the accuracy with which we can say that a measured value of the random variable would be within certain specified limits. The total area under the Normal curve is treated as unity. Then for any value of the measured value of the variable, its probability can be expressed as a percentage. In general, if m is mean value of the random variable within normal distribution and is the Standard Deviation, then, The probability of occurrence of the sample within m and any value of x of the variable is given by : P= By setting (x-m)/ = z, we get, P=
Confidence Intervals
The value of P is known as the Probability integral or the ERROR FUNCTION The limits (m n )are called the confidence intervals. From the formula given above, the probability P[(m- ) < z < (m+ )] = 68.26 % ; this means we are 68.34 % confident. P[(m- ) < z < (m+ )] = 95.44 % ; this means we are 95.44 % confident P[(m- ) < z < (m+ )] = 99.72 % ; this means we are 99.72 % confident. This is basically the area under the Normal Curve.
P=
We define z = (x-m)/ as the Normalized Standard Deviation. The probability P could be obtained from Standard Tables (available in standard books on statistics ). A sample portion of the statistical table is presented in the next slide..
Find edge probability from Jakes curves for a desired coverage probability, against the value of on the x axis. Use Jakes table to find out the correlation factor required Look for the column that has value closest to the edge probability and read the correlation factor across the corresponding row. Multiply by the correction factor to get the Fade Margin. Add Fade Margin to the RSS calculated from the power budget
Suppose the desired coverage probability is 90 % and the edge probability from the Jakes curves is 0,75
This means that the mobile would receive a signal that is better than 85 dBm in 90 % of the area of the cell At the edges of the cell, 75 % of the calls made would have this minimum signal strength (RSS).
In Building Coverage
Recalculate Fade Margin. >Involves separate propagation tests in buildings. >Calculate and for the desired coverage ( say 75 % or 50% ) >Use Jakes Curves and tables to calculate Fade Margin. >Often adequate data is not available for calculating the fade margin accurately. >Instead use typical values. Typical values for building penetration loss :
Area
Central business area
75 % coverage
< 20 dB
50 % coverage
< 15 dB
Residential area
Industrial area In Car
< 15 dB
< 12 dB 6 to 8 dB
< 12 dB
< 10 dB
Minimum value of is 26 dB , as per EIA standards. If ( C/I ) for co channel interference is 10 dB, then for adjacent channel interference it is 36 dB.
B1 64 73 82 91
C1 65 74 83 92
A2 66 75 84 93
B2 67 76 85 94
C2 68 77 86
A3 69 78 87
B3 70 79 88
C3 71 80 89
Antenna Considerations
Uniform coverage in all cells Alignment with hexagonal pattern Space availability Connectivity to BSC/MSC Urban areas may have the following conditions : Several sites may be needed. Frequency reuse is unavoidable In building penetration is must Building act as RF shield and contain coverage. Buildings reflect signals and provide coverage to areas where LOS would have failed. Such additional paths improve in building penetration. Antenna at a very high point may not meet in building coverage requirements
Signals A and B should have minimum correlation between them typically the correlation coefficient <0.7
METHODOLOGY EXPLAINED
Define design rules and parameters - Identify design rules to meet coverage and capacity targets efficiently - Acquire software tools and databases - Calibrate propagation models from measurements. Set performance targets - Clear statement of coverage requirements (rollout and quality) - Forecast traffic demand and distribution. - Test business plan for different roll out scenarios and quality levels. Design nominal cell plan. - Use computer tool to place sites to meet coverage an d capacity targets. - Verify feasibility of meeting service requirements - Ensure a frequency plan can be made for the design. - Estimate equipment requirement and cost. - Develop implementation and resource plans (including personal requirements) - Radio plan will provide input to fixed network planning.
METHODOLOGY EXPLAINED
Implement Cell plan - Identify physical site locations near to nominal or theoretical locations, using search areas. - Modify nominal design as theoretical sites are replaced with physical sites - Modify search areas in accordance with envolving network. Produce Frequency Plan - Fixed Cluster configration, can be done manually. - Flexible, based on interference matrix using an automatic tool.
METHODOLOGY EXPLAINED
Optimize the network - Campaign of measurements - Analyze results - Adjust network parameters such as : antenna directions, handover parameters, and frequencies. Expand the network - In accordance with rollout requirements - In accordance with forecast traffic levels - To improve coverage quality. - To maintain blocking performances.
RF Planning Process
1 Understand the Customers requirements Coverage requirements building coverage experiments In Initial Roll out plans determined number of sites ? Pre 2 Survey Traffic Distribution and Pattern Growth areas High density business/ residential areas Propagation tests for in building coverage estimates and model calibrations 3. Prepare Planning Tool Digitized maps Get Load maps in the planning tool. survey data and run the programme. Use
RF Planning Process
4. Draft Plan Divide the city into number of regions business areas Busy Areas that need excellent inbuilding coverage areas appropriate model and link budgets to Use calculate the number of sites required per region. 5. Fine Tune plan. Perform more with drive test, confirm plan predictions. Review plan with customer and fine tune the plan.
RF Planning Process
Understanding Customer Requirements : What are the boundaries for the network ? there any special pockets to be covered due to Are Govt. requirements ? What are the areas in which medium to average in building coverage is acceptable ? What are the areas where excellent in building coverage is needed ? Areas with high growth potential Need colonies under development High revenue areas Shopping malls , offices complex, industrial estates etc.
RF Planning Process
Initial Implementation Strategy : High usage, high revenue users first ? High end residential and business areas ? Street coverage first ? Special areas like 5 star hotel, commercial building with fine in building coverage ? High way coverage critical ? Total coverage on day one ? Number of sites more than the competition ? Any Budget Limitations ? Give an ideal plan to start with. the customer cut corners. Let an easy job !! Not
RF Planning Process
City Surveys : Basically a scouting exercise Looking for : Major traffic routes Markets Business Centres Shopping malls General customer behaviors Telephone density Congested areas with narrow lanes Narrow water canals/lakes/ponds General city layout Prestigious residential areas. areas VIP Parks/ playground/open areas. General Building types.. Multistoried, Row houses, apartments, colonies etc. Airport coverage
In building Coverage Surveys : Classify Buildings Hotel/restaurants Commercial Industrial Residential Shopping malls/markets Propagation tests in a number of buildings in each variety. Rf signal on road Vs. inside building gives building penetration loss. Repeat tests in as many buildings as possible to get an estimate of building loss for the area. In building coverage affected mostly in ground floor/basement Typical values (examples only) : > Hotel restaurants 15 dB > Commercial buildings 20 dB > Shopping malls 15 dB > Industrial Estates 12-15 dB > Residential buildings 15-20 dB > Old/Historical buildings 25-30 dB
RF Planning Surveys
RF Planning Tool
Planning Tool preparation and Model Calibration : There are many planning tool available toaday : PLANET (MSI) Cad (LCC) Cell Odessy (Aethos) Asset (Aircom) NetPlan (Motorola) A planning tool Should be : to use Easy Compatible with tools like TEMS Minimum hardware requirements. Economical. Maps collected from authorized sources. 1:50000 or 1:25000 scale m resolution for macro 50 than 30 m resolution for Micro cell planning using Ray tracing Tool Less Maps are digitized under 3 categories : LandUse Digital Terrain Map Vectors (Roads, Railways, etc.)
RF Planning Tool
Planning Tool preparation and Model Calibration : Planning tools use corrections for the land use or clutter. Most Propagation Model tuned by assigning the values to Clutter factor (Gain or Loss due to clutter ) Clutter Heights (for diffraction modeling) Different types of clutter are defined in these models/ tools 1. Dense Urban 2. Urban 3. Suburban 4. Suburban with Dense Vegetation 5. Rural 6. Industrial area 7. Utilities (marshalling yards, docks, container depots etc. ) 8. Open area 9. Quasi Open Area 10.Forest 11.Water many clutter type definitation complicate planning process 10 to 15 is Too typical.
RF Planning Tool
Planning Tool preparation and Model Calibration : DTM Provided by the map vendor Provides contour information as a digital map. Vectors Highways Main Roads Railways Canals / water ways. Coast line Rivers. categories is digitized as different layer Each Displayed separately if required information is set up in the planning tool. Map Model calibration carried out.
Model Calibration
tools have provision for manipulating clutter values. All Different tools have different directory structures and means of handling geographical data. procedure mainly talks about ensuring correct data header files to The include. BTS location EIRP of BTS Antenna Type BTS antenna height Description of surrounding area. Procedure uses a general core model equation : The equation has constant k1 to k6 and a constant of clutter, kclutter Initial values for the constants are set as per the model chosen (say Okumara Hata ) PLANET programme is run repeatedly to make RMS error values for all data files ZERO or a minimum. For each run of the programme, the values of k1 to k6 are manipulated. This completes model calibration.
Capacity Calculations
Capacity calculations : Check if number of sites is enough to give capacity. Depends on Spectrum available This decides the site configuration. Availability of features like frequency hopping etc. Capacity is not met, add more sites. If number of site is not OK with the customer, then :If Recalculate site density, for 50 % in building coverage in place of 75 %
Site Selection
Central Business area Small Search areas (100 m) Avoid near field obstruction. Antenna at or slightly above the average clutter height. Orientation is critical. solid structure (lift room ) for antenna mounting. Try This helps reduce backlobe radiation problems Avoid towers on building tops. This reduces interference to neighbouring cells. Residential suburban areas : Larger search areas (200 m) Location not very critical. Antenna 3-5 metres above average clutter height. Antenna orientation less critical.
Site Selection
Industrial area : suitable central location. A Avoid proximity to electrical installations like towers, transformers etc. Towers are common Quasi / open Highways Larger search areas (500 m) Limited by terrain and not the clutter. Hilly areas need care. Highways need closer search areas along road. sites give better coverage. Tall