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Root development
Some time after enamel completion Interaction between
Dental papilla
Forms at the late bell stage Amelogenesis and dentinogenesis are welladvanced Double-layered
No SR or SI Apical proliferation Mapping out the shape of the crown Never a continuous sheath disintegration
Enamel Pearl
Localized areas of enamel on root surface Usually in inter-radicular regions of molars Retention of SR & SI inside the doublelayered ERS
Primary apical foramen subdivide into a number of secondary apical foramina Ingrowth of epithelial shelves from the margins of ERS Fuse near the center of the root Number & location of shelves
Corresponds to the number of roots May be under inductive role of dental papilla
Apex is wide open, surrounded by: Thin regular knife edge of dentine Erupts with about 2/3s of formed root Needs 3 or more years before root completion
A permanent tooth
By root completion, the wide apical foramen becomes very narrow Only wide to transmit the neurovascular bundle
Growth of ERS
Root diaphragm Lies external to ERS Forms cementum, PDL & alveolar bone
Dental follicle
Root diaphragm
The angled edge of ERS A circular band Sandwiched between the undifferentiated mesenchyme of
Commencement of cementogenesis
Root dentine is deposited ERS cells lose continuity
Root dentine is exposed to the undifferentiated cells of the dental follicle Differentiate into cementoblasts Cementogenesis
3 layers
Ectomesenchymal neural crest Cells differentiate into cementoblasts Cuboidal cells on root dentine surface Mesodermal origin Cells differentiate into fibroblasts Forming PDL Mesodermal origin Cells differentiate into osteoblasts Forming alveolar bone
Intermediate layer
Outer layer
Root completion
When the final root length is achieved, the proliferation of epithelium in the diaphragm lags behind that of the pulp or connective tissue The wide apical foramen is reduced first
to the width of the diaphragmatic opening itself further narrowed by apposition of dentine and cementum at the apex of the root
If continuity of root sheath is broken or not established prior to dentine formation a defect in the dentinal wall of the pulp occurs
Fibrous with fluid filled interstices Attachment on either sides to alveolar bone Resistant base prevents bone resorption eruptive force
No attachment to alveolar bone But merges with developing PDL Surgical removal no effect on eruption Changes in vascular permeability Dense accumulation of tissue fluid Fluid force bone and root apart Contribution to eruption
Theory
Dentogingival
Premaloars
Only
PDL
Premolars
Only
Permanent molars
Fibers
Premolars
Prominent
Stage 4 functional
Change in obliquity & thickness of fibers as the tooth reaches the functional position
Inclination decreases Thickness with function
During eruption resorption of the bone in the base of the socket is predominant
Bone deposition is not accepted as a cause of eruption However, species differ (deposition in dogs) Bone activity is related to the distance the tooth has to erupt Distance greater than root length deposition
Cementogenesis
Induction of root dentinogenesis Odontoblasts retreat inwards Form first-formed root predentine
ERS in contact with predentine Disintegration of ERS cells Exposure of follicular cells to unmineralized hyaline layer Differentiation into cementoblasts Cementoblasts secrete collagen fibrils
Deep parts of fibrils intermingle with those of the hyaline layer strong union Peripheral parts extend into PDL (fibrous fringe)
Mineralization of
Hyaline layer Fibrous fringe
Thus, first formed acellular cementum are firmly attached to root dentine Fibers of PDL are still parallel to root surface & not yet attached to fibrous fringe
Presence of crystals is adjacent dentine is believed to initiate mineralization in cementum Adjacent PDL fibroblasts may play a role Very slow process No calcospherites No layer of unmineralized precementum Incremental lines
High content of ground substance Low content of collagen Closer together than in cellular cementum slow formation
Bisphosphonate
Appear as a distinct layer of basophilic cells (RER active protein synthesis) More cytoplasmic processes
Cellular cementum
Cementum will not form if epithelial cells are in contact with dentine
Acellular cementum
Fibres of Periodontal Ligament Epithelial Rests Cementum
Root dentine
Cellular cementum