GIS UTILITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT RELATED AIR AND WATER

MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

Submitted By:Vimal Shukla Sch. No. 102110219

Remote Sensing and GIS Division, Department of Civil Engineering

Contents

Introduction Environmental Assessment Benefits & Applications What is Pollutions and Type of Pollution , Causes of Air Pollution Use of RS and GIS to estimate Air Quality Index Integrating GIS and environmental models

INTRODUCTION

The environment, is a term that comprises all living and non-living things that occur naturally on Earth.

Assessment is the process of documenting, usually in measurable terms

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Environmental assessment is a process to predict the environmental effects of proposed initiatives before they are carried out. An environmental assessment: identifies possible environmental effects

proposes measures to mitigate adverse effects predicts whether there will be significant adverse environmental effects, even after the mitigation is implemented

NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

There are two main purposes of assessment:

environmental

minimize or avoid adverse environmental effects before they occur

incorporate environmental factors into decision making

WHEN IT IS DONE??
Should be conducted as early as possible in the planning and proposal stages of a project for the analysis to be valuable to decision makers and to incorporate the mitigative measures in to the proposed plans.

BENEFITS
increased the

protection of human health

sustainable use of natural resources

reduced

project costs and delays

risks of environmental disasters

minimized

APPLICATIONS

Wild Land Analysis Air pollution & control Water pollution & assessment and management Disaster Management Forest Fires Management

DEFINITION OF POLLUTION

When Harmful Substances Contaminate the Environment it is Called Pollution.

Pollution refers to the very bad condition of environment in terms of quantity and quality .

Type Of Pollution

Air Pollution Water Pollution

Causes of Air Pollution Major sources of Air Pollution - Industries -Automobiles and Domestic fuels -High Proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide

Effects of Air Pollution

Air Pollution affects???

Human health Animals Plants The atmosphere as a whole

Definition of Water Pollution

The Contamination of water with undesirable substances which make it unfit for usage is termed water Pollution.

Causes of Water Pollution

About 40% of Deaths worldwide are caused by Water Pollution.

Water Pollution is Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluent discharged into rivers.

Water Pollution Pictures

Effects of Water Pollution

Diseases like Cholera Malaria Typhoid (spread during the rainy season ) Aquatic life gets destroyed

Use of RS and GIS to estimate Air Quality Index over Peninsular Malaysia

This is the report resulted in a study in order to compute API using satellite-based method Five locations of air pollution station were selected where major pollutants have been measured conventionally. Haze information was extracted from the satellite data

Relationship between the satellite recorded reflectance and the corresponding pollutant measurement was determined using regression analysis. The result proven that satellite-based method using space-borne remote sensing data was capable of computing API spatially and continuously

Haze (originating from open burning or forest fire) usually contains large amount of particulate matter (e.g., organic matter, graphitic carbon). The pollution rate can be measured from ground instruments such as air sampler, sun photometer and optical particle counter, however these instruments is impractical if measurement are to be made over relatively large areas or for continuous monitoring.

Study area

On 22nd September 1997 Malaysian government had declared that Kuching (capital of Sarawak) was in the state of emergency when the API exceeded 650 (hazardous level) Their concentration and spatial distribution was quantified from NOAA-14 AVHRR satellite data

Combination of band 1, 2 and 4 are used to visually differentiate between haze (orange), low clouds (yellow) and high clouds (white).

NOAA-14 AVHRR

Methods

Derivation of haze model, Regression analysis Accuracy Assessment.

Haze model

Contd..
This model can be described by: -R = L V where, : reflectance recorded by satellite sensor, R : reflectance from known object from earth surface L : skylight, and V : lost radiation caused by scattering and absorption

Regression analysis

Calibration pixels of NOAA-14 AVHRR data were sampled within a radius of 2.5 km from each of the air pollution stations. The relationship between AQI and satellite-recorded reflectance of band 1 AVHRR, were analysed using linear regression.

Accuracy Assessment

In order to verify the accuracy of the regression model, RMSE (Root-meansquared Error) was implemented to the AQI values obtained by the model.

Integrating GIS and environmental models

K.Fedra 97

Integrating GIS ...

Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced. GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for environmental analysis.

K.Fedra 97

Integrating GIS ...

Basic concepts in GIS are: location spatial distribution spatial relationship Basic elements:

spatial objects

K.Fedra 97

Integrating GIS ...

spatial (geometric) objects: point node (topological) arc, chain, graph polygon pixel, grid cell, cell grid, raster TIN, FE mesh, nested grids 3D elements

K.Fedra 97

Integrating GIS ...

spatial (topical) objects: landmark, reference point river reach, road segment administrative units: block, district, city,
county, province, country, region, .....

river basin, landform island, continent

K.Fedra 97

Integrating GIS ...

Basic concepts in environmental modeling are: systems state systems dynamics interaction Basic elements: functional objects and processes

K.Fedra 97

Object-oriented integration
links the basic elements: of GIS: spatial objects and models: functional objects and processes through object-oriented design.

K.Fedra 97

Object-oriented integration
Some concrete examples:
ECOSIM, an urban environmental information and decision support system WaterWare, a river basin management information system GAIA, a global multi-media EIS

K.Fedra 97

Systems architecture
supports three main function groups:

data acquisition and storage analysis and forecasting of management scenarios communication of information contents and results to the user (user dialogue, visualization).

K.Fedra 97

Systems architecture
data acquisition layer
DBMS GIS

data management
analytical models graphical user interface
K.Fedra 97

models expert system

Integration example:
WaterWare, a river basin management information system combines: hybrid GIS linked to object classes:
river basin elements models and model scenarios tasks or decision problems

K.Fedra 97

WaterWare
River basin objects are spatially referenced; they can represent measurement stations point treatment plants point river reaches line, arc subcatchments polygon etc., etc.

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WaterWare
River basin objects are defined by:

context defined by other objects

methods they use to update their state using other objects, models, rules of an embedded expert system, any information resource available.

K.Fedra 97

WaterWare
Objects are interlinked, providing information to each other: Reservoir is linked to subcatchment that provides its inflow, linked to a monitoring station that records it, and an irrigation district it supplies. Reservoirs itself an element in the water allocation task.

K.Fedra 97

WaterWare
Objects have their specific display, reporting and editing functions (user interface) as part of their encapsulated methods. All object attributes can be edited through a rule-based expert systems.

K.Fedra 97

WaterWare
RiverBasinObjects can be displayed on the map selected from the map aggregated across spatial objects Base maps and display functionality are provided by the GIS

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WaterWare
RiverBasinObjects each class has a set of specific attributes in a set of data structures and associated methods, defined in a object class TEMPLATE. Objects inherit this structures and the generic class properties upon instantiation.
K.Fedra 97

WaterWare
RiverBasinObjects TEMPLATEs header with name, ID, location, links to geographical objects, meta data attributes defined as
DESCRIPTORS (variables of the expert system) lists and tables time series links

K.Fedra 97

WaterWare
RiverBasinObjects attributes can be data stored with the objects methods that retrieve or generate these data:

DESCRIPTORS use the expert system file references embedded SQL URLs for remote information sources.

K.Fedra 97

RiverBasinObjects
subcatchments: methods include the display
of the object in hypertext multi-media style.

K.Fedra 97

RiverBasinObjects
subcatchments:
object display includes a map with a DEM of the basin as part of an embedded hypertext display.
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RiverBasinObjects
subcatchments:
basin properties like landcover distribution and topography (elevation bands) are presented in a graphical format as well as a list of numerical values that can be edited through the embedded expert system:

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RiverBasinObjects
subcatchments:
basin properties like landcover distribution and topography (elevation bands) are presented in a graphical format as well as a list of numerical values that can be edited through the embedded expert system:

K.Fedra 97

RiverBasinObjects
subcatchments:
basin properties like landcover distribution and topography (elevation bands) are presented in a graphical format as well as a list of numerical values that can be edited through the embedded expert system:

K.Fedra 97

Subcatchment Object
rainfall-runoff model: describes the outflow
from a catchment as a function of basin data
(orography, soils land cover, drainage)

precipitation, temperature.

K.Fedra 97

Subcatchment Object
rainfall-runoff model output in terms of flow, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, ground water storage, against precipitation.

K.Fedra 97

RiverBasinObjects
subcatchments: are linked to related objects
like measurement stations that also provide input for the models.

K.Fedra 97

RiverBasinObjects
reservoirs provide an input-output transformation of flows, and can effect water quality (eutrophication)

K.Fedra 97

RiverBasinObjects
reservoir morphometry describes the relationship of storage volume and surface area to the surface elevation; these data determine the storage behaviour for the water resources model.
K.Fedra 97

RiverBasinObjects
reservoir water quality constrains potential
forms of water use.

K.Fedra 97

RiverBasinObjects
reservoir water quality can be analised with lake water quality models or with the a rule-based expert system.

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RiverBasinObjects
reservoir water quality can be analised with lake water quality models or with the a rule-based expert system.

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RiverBasinObjects
irrigation districts can be major water user
in a river basin, with agricultural water demand usually by far exceeding domestic and industrial use.

K.Fedra 97

RiverBasinObjects
irrigation districts
soils, crop distribution, irrigation technology, transmission losses, and the local climate are the main factors determining water demands. Satellite imagery can
provide up-to-date information on landuse, cropping patterns, and the state of crops.
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RiverBasinObjects
irrigation districts: key variables
total area crop distribution soil types irrigation technology conveyance losses groundwater table precipitation, potential evapotranspiration

K.Fedra 97

RiverBasinObjects
treatment plants provide input for the water
quality models (BOD biological oxygen demand), solids, nutrients (phosphates, nitrates).

K.Fedra 97

River Network
schematic representation of the network as a directed graph with arcs and nodes

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CONCLUSION

The entire study was carried out by using, Arc/info, ArcVIEW and ERDAS. The intricate overlays, which are manually impossible to generate, along with the detailed calculation have been successfully performed.

RS and GIS technology are useful in providing haze early warnings, so that necessary measures could be taken effectively by both government authorized party as well as public .