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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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to Organizing Projects
The uniqueness and short duration of projects relative to ongoing longer-term organizational activities The multidisciplinary and cross-functional nature of projects creates authority and responsibility dilemmas.
Choosing
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Main Choices
Functional
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Coordination
Used
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Functional Organizations
FIGURE 3.1
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Disadvantages
Lack Poor Slow Lack
Structural Change
of Focus Integration
Flexibility In-Depth
Expertise
Easy
of Ownership
Post-Project Transition
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operate as separate units under the leadership of a full-time project manager. a projectized organization where projects are the dominant form of business, functional departments are responsible for providing support for its teams.
In
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FIGURE 3.2
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Disadvantages
Expensive Internal Limited
Strife
Integration
Technological Expertise
Difficult
PostProject Transition
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FIGURE 3.3
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Matrix
o Allows for participation on multiple projects while performing normal functional duties o Achieves a greater integration of expertise and project requirements
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FIGURE 3.4
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Negotiated Issues
Who will do the task? Where will the task be done? Why will the task be done? Is the task satisfactorily completed?
Functional Manager
How will it be done?
How will the project involvement impact normal functional activities? How well has the functional input been integrated?
TABLE 3.1
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(also Weak or Lightweight) Form Balance (or Middleweight) Form Strong (Heavyweight) Form
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Disadvantages
Dysfunctional
Project
Conflict
Infighting Stressful Slow
Focus
Easier
PostProject Transition
Flexible
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Source: Larson, E. W., and Gobeli, D. H., Matrix Management: Contradictions and Insights, California Management Review, vol. 29, no. 4 (Summer 1987), p. 137.
FIGURE 3.5
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(Form) Considerations
important is the project to the firms success? What percentage of core work involves projects? What level of resources (human and physical) are available?
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Considerations
of project Strategic importance Novelty and need for innovation Need for integration (number of departments involved) Environmental complexity (number of external interfaces) Budget and time constraints Stability of resource requirements
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Organizational Culture
Organizational
A
Culture Defined
system of shared norms, beliefs, values, and assumptions which bind people together, thereby creating shared meanings personality of the organization that sets it apart from other organizations.
o Provides a sense of identify to its members o Helps legitimize the management system of the organization o Clarifies and reinforces standards of behavior
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The
FIGURE 3.6
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FIGURE 3.8
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the physical characteristics of an organization. about the organization. how people interact within the organization. stories and folklore surrounding the organization.
Observe Interpret
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with the culture and subcultures of the parent organization Interacting with the projects clients or customer organizations Interacting with other organizations connected to the project
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