Circulation and Gas Exchange

Chapter 42

AP Biology

gills

Exchange of materials Animal cells exchange material across

their cell membrane
fuels for energy nutrients oxygen waste (urea, CO2)

If you are a 1-cell organism thats easy! If you are many-celled thats harder
AP Biology

Overcoming limitations of diffusion Diffusion is not adequate for moving

material across more than 1-cell barrier
CO2 CO2

aa
CH O2

aa

NH3
CO2

NH3

CO2 CO2

O2

NH3

aa
CHO

CO2

CHO

NH3

O2 aa
CH

NH3
CO2

CO2

NH3
CO2

CH

NH3

NH3
CO2 CO2

NH3

CHO

O2
AP Biology

aa

aa

In circulation
What needs to be transported

nutrients & fuels

from digestive system

respiratory gases
O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills

intracellular waste
waste products from cells water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea)

protective agents
immune defenses white blood cells & antibodies blood clotting agents

regulatory molecules
hormones

AP Biology

Circulatory systems All animals have:

circulatory fluid = blood tubes = blood vessels muscular pump = heart

open

closed

hemolymph AP Biology

blood

Open circulatory system Taxonomy

invertebrates
insects,

arthropods, mollusks

Structure

no separation between blood & interstitial fluid

hemolymph

AP Biology

Closed circulatory system

Taxonomy

closed system = higher pressures

invertebrates
earthworms, squid,

octopuses

vertebrates

Structure

blood confined to vessels & separate from interstitial fluid

1 or more hearts large vessels to

smaller vessels material diffuses between vessels & interstitial fluid

AP Biology

Vertebrate circulatory system Adaptations in closed system

number of heart chambers differs 3 4

low pressure to body

low O2 to body

high pressure & high O2 to body

Whats the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart?

4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & AP Biology oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure

Vertebrate cardiovascular system Chambered heart

atrium = receive blood ventricle = pump blood out

Blood vessels

arteries = carry blood away from heart

arterioles

veins = return blood to heart

venules

capillaries = point of exchange, thin wall

capillary beds = networks of capillaries

AP Biology

Arteries: Built for high pressure pump Arteries

thicker walls
provide strength for high

pressure pumping of blood

narrower diameter elasticity

elastic recoil helps

maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes

AP Biology

Veins: Built for low pressure flow Blood flows toward heart Veins
thinner-walled wider diameter

Open valve

blood travels back to heart

at low velocity & pressure lower pressure

distant from heart blood must flow by skeletal muscle
contractions when we move Closed valve squeeze blood through veins

valves
in larger veins one-way valves

allow blood to flow only toward heart

AP Biology

Capillaries: Built for exchange Capillaries

very thin walls

lack 2 outer wall layers only endothelium enhances exchange
across capillary

AP Biology

Lymphatic system
Parallel circulatory system

transports white blood cells

defending against infection

collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood

maintains volume & protein

concentration of blood drains into circulatory system near junction of vena cava & right atrium

AP Biology

Lymph System

AP Biology

Mammalian heart

to neck & head & arms

Coronary arteries

AP Biology

Heart valves
4 valves in the heart

flaps of connective tissue prevent backflow between atrium & ventricle keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles contract
lub
AV

Atrioventricular (AV) valve

SL AV

Semilunar valves

between ventricle & arteries prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles while they are relaxing
dub

AP Biology

Lub-dub, lub-dub Heart sounds

closing of valves Lub

recoil of blood against

SL AV AV

closed AV valves

Dub
recoil of blood against

semilunar valves

Heart murmur

defect in valves causes hissing sound when stream of blood squirts backward through valve

AP Biology

Cardiac cycle 1 complete sequence of pumping

heart contracts & pumps heart relaxes & chambers fill contraction phase

systole ventricles pumps blood out

relaxation phase
diastole atria refill with blood

systolic ________ AP Biology diastolic

pump (peak pressure) _________________ fill (minimum pressure)

Measurement of blood pressure

High Blood Pressure (hypertension)

AP Biology

if top number (systolic pumping) > 150 if bottom number (diastolic filling) > 90

Gas exchange O2 & CO2 exchange

provides O2 for aerobic cellular respiration exchange between environment & cells
need moist membrane

need high surface area

AP Biology

Optimizing gas exchange Why high surface area?

maximizing rate of gas exchange CO2 & O2 move across cell membrane by diffusion

rate of diffusion proportional to surface area

Why moist membranes?

moisture maintains cell membrane structure gases diffuse only dissolved in water

AP Biology

Gas exchange in many forms

one-celled amphibians echinoderms

cilia

insects
AP Biology size

fish

mammals

water vs. land

endotherm vs. ectotherm

Evolution of gas exchange structures

Aquatic organisms
external systems with lots of surface area exposed to aquatic environment

Terrestrial
moist internal respiratory tissues with lots of surface area
AP Biology

Gas Exchange in Water: Gills

AP Biology

Counter current exchange system Water carrying gas flows in one direction,
blood flows in opposite direction

AP Biology

How counter current exchange works

70% 100% 40% 15%

front

back

water

60% 30% counter90% 5% current

blood

50% 70%
100% 50% 30% concurrent

water
5%

Blood & water flow in opposite directions

blood

maintains diffusion gradient over whole length of gill capillary maximizing O2 transfer from water to blood

AP Biology

Gas Exchange on Land Advantages of terrestrial life

air has many advantages over water

higher concentration of O2 O2 & CO2 diffuse much faster through air respiratory surfaces exposed to air do not have to
be ventilated as thoroughly as gills

air is much lighter than water & therefore

much easier to pump

expend less energy moving air in & out

Disadvantages

keeping large respiratory surface moist causes high water loss

reduce water loss by keeping lungs internal

AP Biology

Lungs
Exchange surface,
but also creates risk: entry point for environment into body

spongy texture, honeycombed with moist epithelium

AP Biology

Alveoli Gas exchange across thin epithelium of

millions of alveoli

total surface area in humans ~100 m2

AP Biology

Negative pressure breathing

Breathing due to changing pressures in lungs

air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure

pulling air instead of pushing it

AP Biology

Diffusion of gases Concentration & pressure drives

movement of gases into & out of blood at both lungs & body tissue
capillaries in lungs capillaries in muscle

O2

O2

O2

O2

CO2
blood
AP Biology

CO2
lungs

CO2
blood

CO2
body

Hemoglobin
Why use a carrier molecule?

O2 not soluble enough in H2O for animal needs

blood alone could not provide enough O2 to animal cells hemocyanin in insects = copper (bluish) hemoglobin in vertebrates = iron (reddish)

Reversibly binds O2

loading O2 at lungs or gills & unloading at cells heme group

AP Biology

cooperativity

Cooperativity in Hemoglobin Binding O2

binding of O2 to 1st subunit causes shape change to other subunits

conformational change

Releasing O2

increasing attraction to O2 when 1st subunit releases O2, causes shape change to other subunits
conformational change

lowers attraction to O2

AP Biology

Transporting CO2 in blood

Tissue cells

Dissolved in blood plasma as bicarbonate ion

carbonic acid CO2 + H2O H2CO3

carbonic anhydrase

CO2 Carbonic anhydrase

CO2 dissolves in plasma CO2 combines with Hb CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 Cl HCO3

bicarbonate H2CO3 H+ + HCO3

AP Biology

Plasma

Releasing CO2 from blood at lungs

Lower CO2
pressure at lungs allows CO2 to diffuse out of blood into lungs
Lungs: Alveoli

CO2

CO2 dissolved in plasma

CO2 + H2O
+ Hemoglobin + COHCO3 + H 2

H2CO3

H2CO3

AP Biology

Plasma

HCO3Cl

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

HbF has greater attraction to O2 than Hb

low O2% by time blood reaches placenta fetal Hb must be able to bind O2 with greater attraction than maternal Hb

What is the adaptive advantage?

AP Biology

2 alpha & 2 gamma units