CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL OF MAGNETISM

THE MAGNETIC FIELD

Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which energy is converted from one form to another in motors, generators, and transformers. The basic law governing the production of a magnetic field by a current is Amperes Law:

H dl I

net

where H is the magnetic field intensity produced by the current Inet, and dl is a differential element of length along the path of integration. We can also express it as: NI

EXAMPLE

Find the magnetic field intensity at the circle

PERMEABILITY

In electromagnetism, permeability is the degree of magnetization of a material that responds linearly to an applied magnetic field. Magnetic permeability is typically represented by the Greek letter . 7 The permeability of free space, o 4 10 H / m The permeability of any other material compared to the permeability of free space is called relative permeability, r It is a convenient way to ocompare the magnetizability of materials. For example, there is 6000 times more flux established in a piece of steel than in a corresponding area of air.
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The magnetic flux through the cross section of the core can expressed as:

Magnetomotive force, F = Ni

If we take the magnetic flux as the current, the magnetomotive force F as the emf of a voltage source, and magnetic reluctance as the resistance in the magnetic circuit, we have an analog of Ohms Law in electrical circuit theory

MAGNETIC CIRCUITAL LAW

Consider the magnetic circuit with an air gap of length lg cut in the middle of a leg as shown in figure (a) in the diagram above. As they cross the air gap, the magnetic flux lines bulge outward somewhat as illustrate in figure (b). The effect of the fringing field increase the effective cross sectional area Ag of the air gap

From Amperes Law, we can write:

In general, we may also link the Kirchhoffs Voltage Law and Current Law to the magnetic circuit. KVL: KCL:

Having derived the Ohms law, KVL and KCL in magnetic circuits, we can solve very complex magnetic circuits by applying these basic laws. All electrical dc circuit analysis techniques, such as mesh analysis and nodal analysis, can also be applied in magnetic circuit analysis.

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EXAMPLE
A conductor moving with a velocity of 5.0 m/s to the right in the presence of a magnetic field. The flux density is 0.5 T into the page, and the wire is 1.0 m in length, oriented as shown. What are the magnitude and polarity of the resulting induced voltage? If the conductor is oriented 30o from its original position, what will be the magnitude of the induced voltage?

E = Blv = 0.5(1)(5) = 2.5 V +ve at the top

E = Blv cos 30 = 2.165 V

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EXAMPLE

Figure below shows a wire carrying a current in the presence of a magnetic field. The magnetic flux density is 0.25 T, directed into the page. If the wire is 1.0 m long and carries 0.5 A of current in the direction from the top of the page to the bottom of the page, what are the magnitude and direction of the force induced in the wire?

F = ilB sin = 0.5 x 1 x 0.25 sin 90 = 0.125 N , Direction to the right

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IF YOU DONT, THEN I HAVE SOME FOR YOU

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Can both DC and AC produce magnetic field? Can transformers transform both AC and DC power? For the materials with high permeability, can they be used as a core for transformer or any magnetic core? Can DC causes hysterisis losses? Can DC causes Eddy current losses?

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