Frederic H.

Martini

Fundamentals of

Anatomy & Physiology

SIXTH EDITION

Chapter 26, part 2

The Urinary System

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by

Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Renal tubule and blood flow

Blood travels from efferent arteriole to peritubular capillaries Vasa recta Renal tubule begins at renal corpuscle Includes glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

Blood leaves the nephron via the efferent arteriole

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Glomerulus anatomy

Podocytes cover lamina densa of capillaries Project into the capsular space

Pedicels of podocytes separated by filtration slits

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Figure 26.8 The Renal Corpuscle

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Figure 26.8a, b

Figure 26.8 The Renal Corpuscle

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Figure 26.8c, d

Functional anatomy of the nephron

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) Actively reabsorbs nutrients, plasma proteins and ions from filtrate Released into peritubular fluid Loop of Henle

Descending limb
Ascending limb Each limb has a thick and thin section
PLAY

Animation: Urinary System Anatomy

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Functional anatomy of the nephron

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Actively secretes ions, toxins, drugs Reabsorbs sodium ions from tubular fluid

PLAY

Animation: Urinary System Dissection and Flythrough

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SECTION 26-3 Principles of Renal Physiology

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Urine production maintains homeostasis

Regulating blood volume and composition Excreting waste products

Urea
Creatinine Uric acid

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Basic processes of urine formation

Filtration

Blood pressure
Water and solutes across glomerular capillaries

Reabsorption
The removal of water and solutes from the filtrate

Secretion
Transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid
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Carrier Mediated Transport

Filtration in the kidneys modified by carrier mediated transport

Facilitated diffusion
Active transport Cotransport Countertransport Carrier proteins have a transport maximum (Tm)

Determines renal threshold

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Reabsorption and secretion

Accomplished via diffusion, osmosis, and carriermediated transport

Tm determines renal threshold for reabsorption of substances in tubular fluid

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Renal function
Most regions of the nephron perform a combination of functions

General functions can be identified

Filtration in the renal corpuscle

Nutrient reabsorption along the PCT

Active secretion at PCT and DCT Loops of Henle regulate final volume and solute concentration

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Figure 26.9 An Overview of Urine Formation

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Figure 26.9

SECTION 26-4 Renal Physiology: Filtration and the Glomerulus

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Filtration pressures - Glomerular filtration

Occurs as fluids move across the glomerulus In response to glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) and blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP) opposes GHP Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) opposes GHP Net hydrostatic pressure (NHP) = GHP CsHP Filtration (FP) = NHP BCOP
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Figure 26.10 Glomerular Filtration

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Figure 26.10

Figure 26.10 Glomerular Filtration

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Figure 26.10a, b

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute Factors that alter filtration pressure change GFR

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Factors controlling the GFR

A drop in filtration pressure stimulates Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) Releases renin and erythropoietin

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Figure 26.11 The Response to a Reduction in the GFR

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Figure 26.11a

Figure 26.11 The Response to a Reduction in the GFR

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Figure 26.11b

Sympathetic activation

Produces powerful vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles Decreases GFR and slows production of filtrate Changes the regional pattern of blood flow Alters GFR Stimulates release of renin by JGA

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings