Basic Principles of TV

By

Walter Joseph, Asst. Prof, Dept of ECE RSET.

1

What is Television ?
Tele far ; vision see Television seeing from a distance. Picture information-optical in characterassemblage of large no: of bright and dark areas representing picture details. picture elements-broken up picture details. Picture signal Amplitude Modulated Sound signal-Frequency Modulated Scanning

Basic Monochrome TV transmitter

Cross sectional view of TV camera

Basic Monochrome TV Receiver

SCANNING
Progressive scanning Interlaced scanning
Image Continuity- Due to persistence of vision (1/16th of a sec) Scanning 25 frames /sec (both in horizontal & vertical directions)

Horizontal scanning

Vertical scanning

10

Flicker
Even though scanning 25 frames/sec in tv pictures is enough to cause an illusion of continuity, they are not enough to allow the brightness of one picture or frame to blend smoothly into the next through the time when the screen is blanked b/w successive frames. This results in a definite flicker of light when the screen is made alternatively bright & dark. To reduce it, interlaced scanning is used.

11

Interlaced scanning
Scanning process divided into 2 stages called fields Each field contains 312.5 lines/frame. Scanning beam which moves down scan only alternate lines. (1st set of 312.5 lines in 1st odd field). Each field contains a half line & the scanning will be from AB C D.. Here the picture repetition rate is doubled.(50 fields/sec) where as the no; of lines scanned/sec remains same. Thus flicker is reduced without increasing the bandwidth. In India, interlaced scanning used consists of 25 frames & 50 fields per sec.
12

Interlaced scanning
A C

13

Scanning Periods

14

Scanning sequence

15

16

COLOUR TV

17

18

19

Primary colours and colour mixing

Additive mixing
R+B+G = White R+G = Yellow R+B = Magenta B+G = Cyan

Subtractive mixing complementary colour

Yellow = W-B Magenta = W-G Cyan = W-R

20

Additive colour mixing

Subtractive colour mixing

21

22

Colour specifications
Hue (Tint) - Actual colour seen by eye Saturation - Purity of the colour (amount of white light mixed with colour) Luminance (brightness) - Amt of light intensity or total amt of light energy received by eye irrespective of the colour of light. Chrominance - Describes the colour information except brightness (hue+saturation)
23

COLOUR TV CAMERA

24

Production of Luminance & colour difference signals

V signal

U signal

25

Matrix
A circuit in which signals are combined in a given proportion is called MATRIX Consists of a n/w of resistors to act as attenuator or it may be a non inverting or inverting amplifier

26

Colour signal
Total colour signal = Y+ C Y modulates picture carrier directly corresponds to video signal in black & white TV s/m. Y= .59G+.30R+.11B C Signal consists of R-Y & B-Y which modulate the colour sub carrier in quadrature V=R-Y = R-(.59G+.30R+.11B) = .7R-.59G-.11B U=B-Y = B-(.59G+.30R+.11B) = .89 B-.59G-.30R U sgl modulates inphase sub carrier V sgl modulates subcarrier in quadrature(900 phase diff)
27

28

29

30

QAM signal

R-Y

B-Y

C is obtained by AM of colour sub carrier by the (RY) & (B-Y) sgl. These sgls modulate 2 sub carriers which have same freq (4.43MHz) but which are in quadrature & have = 900 The 2 modulated sub carriers are added vectorially to produce a resultant C signal. Ampli & of C sgl depends on the relative ampli & s of colour diff sgls. Ampli represents saturation & hue of C sgl.
31

32

33

COLOUR TV SYSTEMS
NTSC (American) - National Television Systems Committee PAL (German) - Phase Alteration by Line SECAM (French) - Sequential Couleures a memorie

34

35

PAL TV RECEIVER

36

37

 Chroma amplifier (BPA) allows only C sgl with its SBs. U & V sgls result of demodulation by synchronous demodulators. The reinserted sub carrier has to be given a 900 phase shift for the detection of U & V sgl. 64s delay line is added b4 syn demod then added & subtracted with the direct sgl to detect the modulation of U & V sgl respectively. Sub carrier freq(4.43MHz) is applied direct to U demod, but inverted in phase to V demod. Switch is operated by a 7.8kHz square wave received with colour burst signal. The 2 colour diff sgls (R-Y) & (B-Y) are further added in another matrix to produce (G-Y) sgl. Then all these sgls are appled to respective grids in the picture tube.38

 In the picture tube, the following process is performed. R-Y+Y = R B-Y+Y = B G-Y+Y = G Other ckts are sub carrier ref oscr & colour killer stage (prevents the appearance of colour noise called confetti in the picture during the reception of monochrome programmes)

39

40

41

Reference
Basic Radio & TV : S.P Sharma (P-386-394,456-474) Monochrome and Colour Television : R.R Gulathi

42

43