4 Types of Tissue

1)Epithelium
2)Connective

3)Muscle
4)Nervous

Tissue Types in the Human

Epithelial Tissue
Primarily used for protection Very little extracellular material between cells Endothelium: specialized epithelial cells in blood vessels

Connective Tissue
Primarily used for support

Nerve Tissue
Primarily used for control

Muscle Tissue
Primarily used for movement

Epithelial Tissue
epithelium= cohesive sheet of cells - It rests on a basement membrane, a thin, dense, mesh-like layer of extracellular matrix. This separates it from all other tissues, including its blood supply. - Epithelial cells are cohesive because joined to neighbours by continuous bands of junctional complexes

Epithelium (flat or squamous type) on basement membrane

BM: basement membrane

Classes of Epithelia

Simple: just one layer or cell shape

Stratified: multiple layers and cell shapes

Classification of epithelia by layers

Simple: 1 layer of cells, all touching basement membrane. Stratified: 2 or more layers of cells. Pseudostratified: A kind of simple epithelium that looks stratified (pseudo-, false) because nuclei are at different levels; however all cells touch basement membrane. (Found in the respiratory system.) Transitional: A special kind of stratified epithelium found only in the excretory system; not considered further this term.

Section 7-2

Classification of epithelia by cell shape

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Simple Epithelial Tissue

Squamous epithelial tissue Cuboidal epithelial tissue Columnar epithelial tissue Ciliated epithelial tissue Pseudostratified tissue

Stratified Epithelial Tissue Stratified Columnar

Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Squamous
Go to Section:

Transitional Epithelial Tissue

Squamous epithelium
single layer of flattened cells heart blood vessels lymph vessels alveoli of the lungs

Diffusion of water and electrolytes

Squamous epithelium

Cuboidal epithelium
consists of cube-shaped cells fitting closely together lying on a basement membrane tubules of the kidneys and is found in some glands secretion, Go to Section: absorption and excretion Cuboidal epithelium

Columnar epithelium Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Section 7-2 single layer of cells, rectangular in shape, on a basement membrane

lining the organs of the alimentary tract and consists of a mixture of cells some absorb the products of digestion and others secrete mucus Mucus is a thick sticky substance secreted by modified columnar cells called goblet cells Columnar epithelium

Ciliated columnar epithelium

columnar cells each of which has many fine, hair-like processes, called cilia found lining the uterine tubes and most of the respiratory passages Ciliated columnar epithelium

Go to Section:

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Stratified epithelium

Section 7-2

consist of several layers of cells of various shapes Basement membranes are usually absent protect underlying structures from mechanical wear and tear

Transitional epithelium
composed of several layers of pearshaped cells found in the lining the urinary bladder It allows for stretching as the bladder fills
Go to Section:

Transitional epithelium: A. Relaxed. B. Stretched

Simple Epithelia
Type Squamous Cell shape Squashed Example Endothelium (lines blood vessels), mesothelium (serous lining of celom) Walls of glands Lining of gut tube; sometimes with cilia like lining of uterine tube With cilia in respiratory tubes to move mucous/particles out of lungs

Cuboidal Columnar

Cubed Columns

Pseudostratified

Flat cells give rise to columns

Cell Junctions

Desmosome: binding spots between cells with proteins called cadherins Tight junctions: impermeable

E.g. gut tube, doesnt let enzymes from gut into blood stream

Gap junctions: tubes that let small molecules pass between cells

Glands: epithelial cells that make and

secrete a water-based substance

Exocrine Glands

Secrete substance onto body surface or into body cavity Have ducts E.G., salivary, mammary, pancreas, liver

Endocrine Glands

Secrete product into blood stream Either stored in secretory cells or in follicle surrounded by secretory cells Hormones travel to target organ to increase response No ducts

Muscular Tissue
Skeletal Muscle / Voluntary Muscle / Striped / Striated Muscle Cardiac Muscle / Involuntary Muscle / Striped Muscle Smooth Muscle / Involuntary Muscle / Unstriped Muscle

Muscle Cells

Function

Contraction Muscle tissue

Aggregation of muscle cells

Voluntary and involuntary movements

Muscle Cell: Terms

Sarcolemma

Cell membrane Cytoplasm of a muscle cell Single, contractile fiber Myosin (thick filament) or actin (thin filament)

Sarcoplasm

Myofilament

Muscle Cell: Terms

Myofibril

Numerous arrangement of both types of myofilaments

Muscle fiber

Contains numerous myofibrils

Contains numerous muscle fibers The functional unit of the myofibril

Muscle fasciculus

Sarcomere

Skeletal Muscle

Extremely long cell Multiple nuclei lying at the periphery of the cell Cross- striations: actin and myosin filaments which are found in the cytoplasm Striated voluntary muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Small cells with one or two centrically placed nuclei Branch and anastomose

Cell rows joined by intercalated discs Cardiocytes occur only in the heart
Striated involuntary muscle Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction

Cardiac muscle fibres

Smooth muscle tissue

Non-striated involuntary muscle Can divide and regenerate

Smooth muscle fibres.

Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Neural Tissue

Specialized tissue for the conduction of information; consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves Cells that are found in neural tissue

Neurons Neuroglia cells (supporting)

The glue that holds neurons together

Neural tissue cells

Neurons

Transmit information Support neural tissue Help supply nutrients to neurons

Neuroglia

Neural Tissue

Neural anatomy

Cell body Dendrites Axon (nerve fiber)

Carries information to other neurons

Variation in Neuronal Structure

Multipolar neuron most common many dendrite/one axon Bipolar neuron one dendrite/one axon olfactory, retina, ear Unipolar neuron sensory from skin & organs to spinal cord long myleninated fiber bypassing soma

Fundamental Types of Neurons

Sensory (afferent) neurons detect changes in environment called stimuli transmit information to brain or spinal cord Interneurons (association neurons) lie between sensory & motor pathways in CNS 90% of our neurons are interneurons process, store & retrieve information Motor (efferent) neuron send signals to muscle & gland cells organs that carry out responses called effectors

Classes of Neurons

Fundamental Properties of Neurons

Excitability

highly responsive to stimuli

Conductivity

producing traveling electrical signals

when electrical signal reaches end of nerve fiber, a neurotransmitter is secreted

Secretion

Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue

Fills internal spaces Supports other tissues Transports materials Stores energy

Classification of Connective Tissues

Connective tissue proper:

connect and protect (adipose, tendon) Transport (blood, lymph) structural strength (cartilage, bone)

Fluid connective tissues:

Supportive connective tissues:

Classification of Connective Tissues

All types have:

Specialized cells 2. Extracellular protein fibers 3. Fluid (ground substance) Last two = Matrix (most volume of CT is matrix)
1.

Connective Tissue (CT) Functions

Connect epithelia to the rest of the body (basal lamina) Provide structure (bone) Store energy (fat) Transport materials (blood) Has no contact with environment

CT Proper: Cell types

Fixed cells

Fibroblasts = undifferentiated cells, make CT; most abundant & ALWAYS present Macrophages = Big eaters; attack pathogens & damaged cells. Initiate immune response. Adipocytes = Energy storage Melanocytes = Determine skin & eye color Macrophages Mast cells: secrete histamine and heparin Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells immunity

Wandering cells

CT Proper: Fiber types

Collagen (white) - Resists tensile forces; tendons

Long, straight, unbranched, strong, flexible Three protein strands wound together in a rope Same protein subunit as collagen Branching and interwoven Tough but flexible Branched and wavy fibers Coil and uncoil

Reticular - stabilize major structures of organs

Elastic from elastin (yellow) stretch; elastic ligaments

CT Proper: Ground substance

Ground Substance the sieve part

Fills space between cells & surrounds fibers Clear, colorless Made of Hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

CT Proper 3 types

Loose: Packing material; cushion, stabilize, fell space; mostly ground substance Dense: transmit & resist forces; mostly fibers Elastic: stabilize positions of bones

CT Proper: Loose
1.

2.

3.

Areolar Padding; absorbs shock & distorts easily Adipose - Fat; padding, insulation, energy storage, heat generator Reticular - Suspend specialized cells of filtering organs (liver, spleen)

CT Proper: Dense

Dense Regular: fibers parallel, tightly packed, aligned with applied forces

with collagen: tendons (bone to muscle), aponeuroses (tendonous sheets) with elastin: ligaments (bone to bone)

Dense Irregular: interwoven mesh, no pattern, applied forces from many directions

encapsulates kidneys, spleen, joints, beneath dermis Encircles bone (periosteum) & cartilage (perichondrium)

CT Proper: Elastic

Elastic

Dense Regular Vocal cords & between vertebrae

Loose Connective Tissues

Loose Connective Tissues

Dense Regular

Firm attachment; parallel collagen fibers

Dense Irregular

Resist forces from many directions

Permit some expansion without damage & regain shape

Fluid CT Supporting CT: Bone and Cartilage

Cartilage: chondrocytes & chondroitin sulfates

Hyaline Elastic Fibro

Supporting CT: Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage Most common; support, friction reduction closely packed collagen fiber Ends of bones, larynx, trachea, nasal septum, epiphyseal plate

Supporting CT: Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage mostly elastic fibers Pinna, tip of nose, epiglottis

Supporting CT: Cartilage

Fibrocartilage Little ground substance; densely interwoven collagen fibers Resist compression, absorb shock

Supporting CT: Bone

Bone = osseous CT

Cells

Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Very little ground substance Hydroxyapetite (2/3) Collagen fibers (1/3)

Matrix