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Introduction:
One of the most widely used renewable source of energy for generating electricity on large scale basis is hydropower The power obtained from river or ocean water is called as hydropower. Hydropower is the renewable source of energy since water is available in large quantities from rain, rivers, and oceans and this is will be available for unlimited time to come. 30% of total power of the world is met by hydro-electric 5/7/12 power.
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The essential features of a water power plant are as below: 1. Catchment area. 2. Reservoir. 3. Dam and intake house. 4. water way. 5. Power house.
1. Catchment Area. 6. Tail race or outlet water way. The catchment area of a hydro plant is the whole area behind the dam, draining into a stream or river across which the dam has been built at a suitable place. 5/7/12
2- Water reservoir:
In a reservoir the water collected from the catchment area is stored behind a dam. Catchment area gets its water from rain and streams. The level of water surface in the reservoir is called Head water level.
Note : Continuous availability of water is a basic necessity for a hydroelectric power plant.
3- Dam :
The purpose of the dam is to store the water and to regulate the out going flow of water. The dam helps to store all the incoming water. It also helps to 5/7/12 increase the head of the water. In 55
Dam are classified based on following factors: Function Shape Construction material Design
a)
b)
c)
d)
a) Based on function the dam may be called as storage dam, diversion dam or detention dam.
b)
Based on the shape the dam may of trapezoidal section & arch type.
c) The materials used for constructing dams are earth, rock pieces, stone masonry.
d)
According to structural design the dam maybe classified as: Gravity dam
i.
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Types of Dam:
1.
Masonry Dams. Earth Dams. Gravity dam. Buttress dam. Arched dam.
2.
b)
c)
a)
Gravity dam:
Resist the pressure of water by its weight. Construction of material used for his dam, is solid masonry or concrete.
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b)
Arch dam:
It resist the pressure of water partly due to its weight and partly due to arch action.
c) ) )
Buttress dam: Buttress supporting a flat slab. When cost of reinforced concrete is high such type of dam is selected.
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Spillway:
Excess accumulation of water endangers the stability of dam construction. Also in order to avoid the over flow of water out of the dam especially during rainy seasons spillways are provided. This prevents the rise of water level in the dam. Spillways are passages which allows the excess water to flow to a storage area away from the dam.
Gate:
A gate is used to regulate or control the flow of water from the dam.
Pressure tunnel:
It is a passage that carries water from the reservoir to the surge tank.
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Surge tank:
A Surge tank is a small reservoir or tank in which the water level rises or falls due to sudden changes in pressure. To serve as a supply tank to the turbine when the water in the pipe is accelerated during increased load conditions and as a storage tank when the water is decelerating during reduced load conditions. To reduce the distance between the free water surface in the dam and the turbine, thereby reducing the water-hammer effect on penstock and also protect the upstream tunnel from high pressure rise.
Water-hammer effect :
The water hammer is defined as the change in pressure rapidly above or below normal pressure caused by sudden change in the rate of water flow through the pipe, according to the demand of prime mover i.e. turbine 5/7/12 1010
o
4-Water Ways.
Water ways are the passages, through which the water is conveyed to the turbines from the dam. These may include tunnels, canals, flumes, forebays and penstocks and also surge tanks. A forebay is an enlarged passage for drawing the water from the reservoir or the river and giving it to the pipe lines or canals.
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Penstock thickness:
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Number of penstock
A hydro Power Plant uses a number of turbine which are to be supplied water through penstock.
To use a single penstock for the whole a plant. To use on penstock for each turbine separately. To provide multiple penstock but each penstock supplying water to at least two turbine.
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5- Power House.
The power house is a building in which the turbines, alternators and the auxiliary plant are housed. Some important items of equipment provided in the power house are as follows:
i.
Turbines Generators Governors Relief valve for penstock setting Gate valve Transformer Switch board equipment and instruments Oil circuit breaker
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
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The surface power house has been broadly divided into three subdivisions which is separated from the intake as mentioned below :
(a)
(b)
(c)
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Draft tube:
v
It is connected to the outlet of the turbine. It allows the turbine to be placed above the tail water level.
Tail water level is the water level after the discharge from the turbine. The discharged water is sent to the river, thus the level of the river is the tail water level. As the water rushes through the turbine, it spins the turbine shaft, which is coupled to the electric generator. The generator has a rotating electromagnet called a rotor and a stationary part called a stator. The rotor creates a magnetic field that produces an electric charge in the stator. The charge is transmitted as electricity. The step-up transformer increases the voltage of the current coming from 5/7/12 the stator. The electricity is distributed through power lines
Classification of hydro-Electric power plant electric power plant depend on The classification of hydro
the following factors:
1)
Quantity of water: Run of river plant. Storage plant. Pumped storage. Availability of Head of Water: Low head plant. Medium head plant.
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It is following types.
i.
ii.
iii.
2)
a)
b)
Operating head is less than 15m. Vertical shaft Francis turbine or Kaplan turbine. Small dam is required.
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Operating head is less than 15 to 50m. Francis turbines. Forebay is provided at the beginning of the penstock.
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Operating head exceed 50m. Pelton turbines. surge tank is attached to the penstock to reduce water hammer effect on the penstock.
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Water is a renewable energy source. Maintenance and operation charges are very low. The efficiency of the plant does not change with age. In addition to power generation, hydro-electric power plants are also useful for flood control, irrigation purposes, fishery and recreation. Have a longer life(100 to 125 years) as they operate at atmospheric temperature. Water stored in the hydro-electric power plants can also be used for domestic water supply.
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The initial cost of the plant is very high. Since they are located far away from the load centre, cost of transmission lines and transmission losses will be more. During drought season the power production may be reduced or even stopped due to insufficient water in the reservoir. Water in the reservoir is lost by evaporation.
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Draft Tube:
Reaction turbines must be completely enclosed because a pressure difference exists between the working fluid (water) in the turbine and atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to connect the turbine outlet by means of a pipe known as draft tube upto tailrace level.
This is known as tapered draft tube and used in all reaction turbines where conditions permit. It is preferred for low specific speed and vertical shaft Francis turbine. The maximum cone angle of this draft tube is limited to 8 (a = 4). The hydraulic efficiency of such type of draft tube is 90%. 5/7/12
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Hydraulic Turbines
Advantages:
Simple in construction. Easily controllable. Efficient. Ability to work at peak load. Work on load variation. Start from cold conditions & pick up load at short time.
Types of turbines:
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a)
Impulse
Impulse Turbine:
The passages are not completely filled, water acting on a wheel buckets is at atmospheric pressure and is supplied at few points at the periphery of wheel & kinetic energy is supplied to the wheel. Casing Penstock Nozzle Runner Buckets Needle Valve shaft
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Reaction Turbine:
Water passages are completely filled with water, water acting on wheel vanes is under pressure greater than atmospheric, water enter all around the periphery of wheel and energy is in the form of both pressure & kinetic energy is utilized by the wheel.
Essential parts:
Spiral casing Guide wheel Runner Draft tube Horizontal shaft type or vertical shaft type turbine Low & medium head turbines
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I.
II.
III.
IV.
Types of turbine
Kaplan turbine Franics Turbine Pelton wheel
Flow direction
Axial flow Radial inward or mixed flow Tangential flow
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Position of shaft:
I.
II.
Head of water:
I.
High head turbines. Medium head turbines. Low head turbines. high head. low & medium heads.
II.
III.
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The turbine characteristic like unit power, unit speed & unit discharge help in studying the performance of turbines.
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Specific Speed:
The specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed at which the turbine runs developing one B.H.P. under a head of one meter. The equation for the specific speed of a turbine can be obtained by using the principle of similarity.
where D and N are diameter and speed of a turbine and H is the head acting on the turbine. where B is the height of the blade and Vf is the velocity of flow. Substituting the value of D in the above equation.
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where C is constant depending upon the type of the turbine. If the turbine develops 1 B.H.P. under one meter head then C = N = N. where Ns is the specific speed as per the definition. Substituting the value of C in the above equation, we get
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2. Water-Storage.
The output of a hydropower plant is not uniform due to wide variations of rain fall. To have a uniform power output, a water storage is needed so that excess flow at certain times may be stored to make it available at the times of low flow. To select the site of the Dam, careful study should be made of the geology and topography of the catchment area to see if the natural foundations could be found and put to the best use. 3. Head of Water. The level of water in the reservoir for a proposed plant should always be within limits throughout the year.
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5. Access to Site.
It is always a desirable factor to have a good access to the site of the plant. This factor is very important if 5/7/12 the electric power generated is to be utilized at or
It is natural science that deal with the distribution of water on land beneath the surface of earth. It deal with the solid, liquid & vapour forms of water.
Hydrology
Hydrologic cycle:
The various processes involved in the transfer of moisture from the sea to the land and back to the sea again constitute which is called hydrologic cycle. Hydrologic eq. is expressed as follows: P=R+E Where, P = perspiration 5/7/12
Perspiration:
It includes all the water that falls from atm. To the earth surface. Mostly perspiration is of two types. Liquid perspiration (rainfall) Solid perspiration (Snow, Hail storm)
Run-off:
It is that portion of the perspiration which makes its way towards stream, lakes or ocean. Run-off occur only if the rate of perspiration exceed the rate at which water infiltrate into 5/7/12 the soil & after depression small and large
Assignment
Topics: 6.37 & 6.38(6.38.1, 6.38.2, 6.38.3, 6.38.4) Examples: 6.1 to 6.13, 6.15 to 6.20.
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Questions?
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