f1 Drainagefundamentals 110209164136 Phpapp02

Drainage Fundamentals
Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000
Module A: Fundamentals
Pores space Infiltration and Saturation & Field capacity Gravity & Capillary action & Surface tension Lateral movement, rising table and free water
Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 2
Soil Structure And Pore Space

Water content decreases due to rate of drainage by gravity Water is prevented from moving: hydraulic conductivity Remaining water held in narrow pores
HC is particle size transfer
Drainage occurs when:

Pore spaces are filled Gravity exceeds surface tension Gravity pulls water downward
Pore spaces
Soil particles fit imperfectly Inter packing: sand/clays Little room for air/water between particles
Factors affecting Water intake and retention

Infiltration Saturation Field capacity Hydraulic conductivity Adhesion and surface tension
Infiltration rate
Irrigation should occur between stress point and field capacity
Soil accepts water highest in this range
Infiltration rate is variable
*if rain is falling faster than gravity can pull it down the profile, the surface will saturate
Runoff will occur
Saturation
Saturation may occur at varying depths
Consistent soil profile is key to progressive water movement into profile
Changes in soil profile affect saturation
Field Capacity
Defn: moisture status of the soil, where gravity cannot pull more water from a saturated profile.
Air space also critical for root growth.
Pore space allow roots to force their way through soil
% pore space = % root growth
Water Adhesion to Soil particles

Coarse sand pores are large
Silt/clay pores are small The finer the pores, the tighter the adhesion between particles Practical Drainage for Sportsturf,
Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 10
Wilting point
Plants ceasing to extract water is called wilting point Only remaining water is held too tightly by adhesion for plant use
11
Surface Tension
The smaller the drop, the stronger the tension Dusts and insects on the water surface shows tension
12
Gravity
As depth increases, so does the weight of water
All but capillary water is affected by gravity

13
Capillary Fringe
A saturated zone at the bottom of topsoil, above a slow draining base
Often a winter problem
*if a hole is dug into the capillary fringe zone, no water will enter this hole even if the surrounding soil is saturated
14
Capillary Fringe
A saturated zone where no lateral movement (to drains) will occur Where head is greater than surface tension, of menisci pores it will drain
If a hole is dug into the capillary zone, it will NOT fill with water
If a hole is dug below the capillary fringe, it will fill with water.(head)
15
Capillary action
Stronger than gravity
Water molecules are attracted to the adhesive forces of surface molecules
Laterally pulled or vertically
16
17
Capillary Action
If capillary sizes are the same along the menisci, gravity will prevail
Water only moves as a result of capillary forces until the soil reaches field capacity.
Capillary water never moves through large pores
18
Lateral movement of water in soils
Lateral movement occurs slowly
Rarely moves more than 4 from source
Depends highly on pore space of soil
Capillary distances/movement is greater in silty clay vs sand (small vs large pore space)
19
20
Rising water table
Likely found in the middle of a slope
Water at bottom of slope is surface water problem
Flows along seams in gravel profile
If shallow capped (with clay) it will break the surface
21
To alleviate rising water table (springs)

Locate the water source (piezometer) Intercept at gravel layer uphill Install drainage to off-site Result will avoid digging on site/wet area
22
Piezometer
23
Natural Deep drainage

Non capillary pore spaces
Construction on dry soil is important for subsoil compaction of pore space
Natural drainage through the subsoil
Hydraulic Into drain pipes conductivity greater installed (large than.04mm/hr piping installed at required in subsoil Practical Drainage for Sportsturf,construction stage)
Free Water vs capillary fringe
25
Drainage Fundamentals
Perched water table Capillary Fringe and free water zones Hydraulic conductivity Drain Spacing: Hooghouts Formula
26
Perched Water table

no water drains from a finer material until capilary fringe is built above the coarser material
Fine textured material over a coarse one
If height of capillary fringe exceeds topsoil, it will never drain

27
How does a perched water table work?
28
Height of Perched table

Determined by pore size distribution
Fine textured soil has deep saturated zone, coarse is shallow

29
Perched Heights
USGA sand = 59 perched table
1.5mm coarse sand = 2 perched
Surface tension (menisci) reaches equilibrium with gravity and drainage stops
4mm gravel = .75 perched table
30
Perched Water Table
31
Perched water table

The saturated zone from bottom of profile to air entry point is called capillary fringe Zero suction at base, no free water present
Capillary fringe: Air entry point

The pull of gravity breaks surface tension of large pores, which drains down profile
Field capacity is reached when no more water can be pulled from the profileadhesion and surface tension are equal
33
Capillary Fringe:
The only water that can move into subsoil drains is from the free water zone
34
Capillary fringe
All movement of water ceases when free water zone is drained Continued drainage is determined by rate of base
35
Movement into secondary profile
36
Saturated Free water zone
37
Saturated Free water zone
38
Hydraulic conductivity: USGA spec( SHC)
Rate is affected by pore size
Water moves 100X faster through a USGA sand root zone than loam
When saturated, GRAVITY pulls water downward faster
Field capacity is reaching equilibrium of surface tension and gravity
39
Hydraulic conductivity: testing
Conductivity varies greatly by the amount of fines in the soil (silt)
Unusual for a soil to have greater than 2/hr hydraulic conductivity
This conductivity requires a functioning perched water table to grow turf
40
Hydraulic Conductivity: Soil Types

Silt/Clay Loam 20-45% fines particles<.1mm = .2-.4/hr (5-10mm) *common on fairways Surface grading and drainage critical Sandy Loam >20%fines particles <.1mm = .4-2.0/hr (10-50mm)
41
Hydraulic conductivity:
Any sports turf field has to be drained to field capacity to allow play - top 2 of soil
Therefore: Free water zone must be drained down to field capacity quickly Practical Drainage for Sportsturf,
Tube experiment: Moisture release curve
43
Hooghouts: Defined terms

D:
= drainage rate (/hr) of saturated free water zone at midpoint
44
Hooghouts Formula:
K: Saturated hydraulic conductivity of top soil in inches/hr
45
Hooghouts Formula
H is equivalent to Ha X Hb
Ha = height of saturated free water zone, Hb = height of saturated free water zone that water must flow through Practical Drainage for Sportsturf,
Hooghouts Formula
S is equivalent to Sa X Sb
Sa = is the distance between drains Sb =distance between drains where component of the area water is Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, collected
Hooghouts formula: Calculating rate of drainage at midpoint
Calculations to reduce height of free water BETWEEN drains
48
Hydraulic conductivity
A description of various soils and conductivities
49
Silt/Clay Loam
20-45% fines( particles less than .1mm)
Common on fairways and sportsfields
Hydraulic conductivity:
.2-.4in/hr, 5-10 mm/hr
50
Sandy Loam
Less than 20% fines (particles less than .1mm)
Contain fines, but sandier
Drain faster, but compact to low conductivity Hydraulic conductivity:

.4-2in./hr, 10-50mm/hr
51
Hydraulic Conductivity .2/hr

(no surface drainage)
52
Slow draining base

53
Hydraulic conductivity .8/hr

54
Hydraulic conductivity 2/hr

55
Summary: What does this tell us?

Water moves laterally very slowly
Subsoil must be sufficiently dry to fracture compaction while wet will make the surface impermeable.
Traditional thinking of drainage is suspect
Drainage of base, is more important than installing subsoil Opens up the base and drains. makes it drain better Practical Drainage for Sportsturf, Golf, and Horticulture. Keith McIntyre, Brent Jakobsen, Ann Arbor Press, 2000 Explains why vibramolling works so well
56
Summary
Effective drains need to be spaced close together, 3.3ft in most soils The base will remove water quicker than drains spaced further apart High organic soil content has high hydraulic conductivity
57
Summary: Problem solving HC
Measure your soil depth
Identify its hydraulic conductivity
Test your drainage base in a lab for conductivity rate
Calculate drainage spacing using Hooghouts
Determine if subsoil drainage is really worth it!
58
59
Designing subsoil drains
60
Discharge area: Subsoil drains
Decide where to discharge the water Design UP from discharge point (minimum 1:70) Have uniform fall on all pipes
61
Discharge area: Subsoil drains

Open drain Creek Be aware what will happen during flooding Discharge must be above level Design the drain FROM the discharge point upward Uniform fall on all pipes
Subsoil drain pattern:

Favoured design 30-45% angle Small laterals into larger main Flexible corrugated tile Joints are offset from each other
63
Determining pipe sizing

Manufacturers supply max flow performance As pipe length increases, friction loss increases Main runs with the slope Laterals run across slope
64
A fall of .5ft in 49.5 ft is 1:99

Efficient and simple Laterals same distance apart Uniform drainage for the whole area
65
Calculating pipe required
66
How to size pipe

Assume area of 1ac (43,560ft sq) Uniform slope of 1:70, down 295 ft. no cross fall Subsoil drains spaced at 6.6ft, topsoil at 12 HC 2/hr Rainfall event of 2/hr
67
Example of racetrack drainage
68
Sizing drains
High traffic area with subtle drain cover Off back of green Realistic sizing No additional labor for trimming/maintenance
69
Principles of Subsoil Drainage

Migration Filter material Installation techniques
70
Choosing the right filter material

Filter material should bemade on the basis of type or sand that will surround it If the drain is in a fine soil, filter should be a coarse river sandNOT GRAVEL!
71
Migration of particles
Significant amount of fines enter the surrounding soil THIS moves fines into the pipe Quickly collapses the drain, often during first few waterings
72
Particle migration into coarser gravels

Common mistakes:
Surround pipe with coarse gravel or crush Pea gravel - 3/8 often specified Overall, these gravels are too large!!
73
Filter material entering pipe

We are too worried about filter material entering the drain pipe If gravel is used, smaller particles will migrate into the large pores
74
When to use gravel filter material
Only in USGA spec greens
D15 of the gravel must not exceed the D85 of the sand zone
This is the Bridging Factor
75
Clean filter material

Make sure no fines in the filter material Use HC of the filter material >100/hr (sand withought fines) Misconception: Sand will not enter drain pipe except from above. Surface area of slots is less that 1% of pipe surface area.
76
Bridging factor
If gravel is too coarse, bridging factor will be too high Using finer filter material prevents migration of particles from surrounding soil.
77
Diameter rating
When installing subsoil drains, in any situation other than USGA sand, use clean washed sand. NOT pea gravel, or any gravel with a D15 less than 1mm. D15 means 15% of the filler is larger than the specified size, 85% spec.
78
Installing subsoil drains

Cut into the area below the soil to be drained Make sure sides are vertical Avoid subsoil contamination Provide uniform slope
79

1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Clean vertical trenches 2 of sand at bottom of trench Even slope Correct high/low points Lay slits on BOTTOM of trench
*water enters pipe from the bottom
80

5.
6. 7.
Cover the pipe with filter sand 2 surrounding Firm down/light rolling Use commercial joints
81
Geofabrics: Never wrap pipes

Fabric on drains are unnecessary
If correct sand has been used, fines will effectively pass through the drainage system
Geo textile drastically reduces drainage rates
Types of pipes
Flexible slotted (agricultural)
2-8 diameter Commonly used is 4 outer diameter Slot size vary These pipes self-clean, depositing fines though the ridges This process will not block pipes
83
Types of drain pipes

PVC solid drain pipe Improved flow for collectors Multi flow slit drainage
Atlantis draincell
http://www.atlantis corp.com.au/vide o
84
Common drainage mistakes

Incorrect backfill material Incorrect pipe connectors Misunderstanding of surface and subsurface drainage
85

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Drainage Fundamentals

Soil Structure And Pore Space

HC is particle size transfer

Drainage occurs when:

Factors affecting Water intake and retention

Irrigation should occur between stress point and field capacity

Soil accepts water highest in this range

Infiltration rate is variable

Runoff will occur

Consistent soil profile is key to progressive water movement into profile

Changes in soil profile affect saturation

Air space also critical for root growth.

Pore space allow roots to force their way through soil

% pore space = % root growth

Water Adhesion to Soil particles

All but capillary water is affected by gravity

A saturated zone at the bottom of topsoil, above a slow draining base

Often a winter problem

Stronger than gravity

Water molecules are attracted to the adhesive forces of surface molecules

Laterally pulled or vertically

Capillary water never moves through large pores

Lateral movement of water in soils

Lateral movement occurs slowly

Rarely moves more than 4 from source

Depends highly on pore space of soil

Rising water table

Likely found in the middle of a slope

Water at bottom of slope is surface water problem

Flows along seams in gravel profile

If shallow capped (with clay) it will break the surface

To alleviate rising water table (springs)

Natural Deep drainage

Construction on dry soil is important for subsoil compaction of pore space

Natural drainage through the subsoil

Free Water vs capillary fringe

Perched Water table

Fine textured material over a coarse one

If height of capillary fringe exceeds topsoil, it will never drain

How does a perched water table work?

Height of Perched table

Fine textured soil has deep saturated zone, coarse is shallow

USGA sand = 59 perched table

1.5mm coarse sand = 2 perched

4mm gravel = .75 perched table

Perched Water Table

Perched water table

Capillary fringe: Air entry point

Movement into secondary profile

Saturated Free water zone

Saturated Free water zone

Hydraulic conductivity: USGA spec( SHC)

Rate is affected by pore size

When saturated, GRAVITY pulls water downward faster

Field capacity is reaching equilibrium of surface tension and gravity

Hydraulic conductivity: testing

Conductivity varies greatly by the amount of fines in the soil (silt)

Unusual for a soil to have greater than 2/hr hydraulic conductivity

This conductivity requires a functioning perched water table to grow turf

Hydraulic Conductivity: Soil Types

Tube experiment: Moisture release curve

Hooghouts: Defined terms