Overview of Mobile/Wireless Communication Systems (II)

by Dr. Nguyen Minh Hoang, Hoang.dhbk@gmail.com March 2010

Outline
History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Next Generation Wireless Networks: All-IP Network

Evolving Core Network Architectures

Two widely deployed architectures today GSM-MAP used by GSM operators

ANSI-41 MAP used with AMPS, TDMA & cdmaOne

Mobile Application Part defines extra (SS7-based) signaling for mobility, authentication, etc. TIA (ANSI) standard for cellular radio telecommunications inter-system operation

Each evolving to common all-IP vision

All-IP still being defined many years away

GAIT (GSM-ANSI Interoperability Team) provides a path for interoperation today

Typical 2G Architecture
PSDN
BSC BTS BSC HLR SMS-SC MSC/VLR BSC

PLMN
MSC/VLR BSC

BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller

GMSC

Tandem CO

PSTN

Tandem CO

CO

MSC Mobile Switching Center VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register

Network Planes

Like PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), 2G mobile networks have

Some elements reside only in the signaling plane

one plane for voice circuits (transport plane) another plane for signaling (control plane)

HLR, VLR, SMS Center,

HLR MSC MSC

SMS-SC VLR MSC

Signaling Plane (SS7)

Transport Plane (Voice)

Signaling in Core Network

Based on SS7

GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services

ISUP and specific Application Parts

Location registers for mobility management

Mobility, call-handling, O&M Authentication, supplementary services SMS,

HLR: home location register has permanent data VLR: visitor location register keeps local copy for roamers

PSTN-to-Mobile Call
PLMN
(Visitor)

PLMN
(Home)

PSTN

Signaling over SS7

MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP) ISUP

(SCP) HLR Where is the subscriber?

SCP

(STP)
4 Provide Roaming 3 5 Routing Info VMSC 6 GMSC (SSP) (STP) 1 IAM (SSP) 514 581 ... 2

MS

BSS VLR

(SSP)

IAM

GSM 2G Architecture
NSS BSS Abis E A B MS BTS BSC MSC VLR C D H GMSC PSTN

PSTN

SS7

HLR

AuC

BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller MS Mobile Station

NSS Network Sub-System MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC GSM Global System for Mobile communication

Enhancing GSM

New technology since mid-90s Global standard most widely deployed

Frequency hopping

significant payback for enhancements Overcome fading

Synchronization between cells

DFCA: dynamic frequency and channel assignment Also used to determine mobiles location
Allocate radio resources to minimize interference

TFO Tandem Free Operation (Improve voice quality by disabling unneeded transcoders during mobile-tomobile calls)

Enhancing GSM

AMR (Adaptive multi-rate) speech coder

DTX discontinuous transmission

Trade off speech and error correction bits Fewer dropped calls

HSCSD high speed circuit-switched data

Less interference (approach 0 bps during silences) More calls per cell
Aggregate channels to surpass 9.6 kbps limit (50k)

GPRS general packet radio service

GPRS 2.5G for GSM

General packet radio service

First introduction of packet technology Support higher data rates (115 kbps) Subject to channel availability

Aggregate radio channels

Share aggregate channels among multiple users All new IP-based data infrastructure No changes to voice network

2.5G Architectural Detail

2G MS (voice only) BSS Abis E A B MS BTS PSTN NSS

PSTN

BSC

MSC Gs Gb VLR

C
D H

GMSC

SS7

2G+ MS (voice & data) Gr HLR AuC Gc

Gn

Gi

PSDN

NSS Network Sub-System MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register

SGSN

IP

GGSN

BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

AuC Authentication Server

GMSC Gateway MSC

BSC Base Station Controller

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GSM Evolution for Data Access

2 Mbps UMTS

384 kbps
115 kbps GPRS EDGE

9.6 kbps
GSM

1997

2000

2003

2003+
3G

GSM evolution

EDGE

Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution Increased data rates with GSM compatibility

Still 200 KHz bands; still TDMA 8-PSK modulation: 3 bits/symbol give 3X data rate Shorter range (more sensitive to noise/interference)

GAIT GSM/ANSI-136 interoperability team

Allows IS-136 TDMA operators to migrate to EDGE New GSM/ EDGE radios but evolved ANSI-41 core network

3GPP/3GPP2

Introduction to 3GPP (1/5)

Participation

Organizational Partners
ARIB CWTS ETSI T1 TTA TTC

Market Representation Partners

Individual Members

Global Mobile Suppliers Association - GSA GSM Association UMTS Forum Universal Wireless Communications Consortium (UWCC) IPv6 Forum Companies

Observers, Guests

Introduction to 3GPP (2/5)

Introduction to 3GPP (3/5)

TSG CN (Core Network)

TSG RAN

WG1 (MM/CC/SM) (Iu) WG2 (MAP/GTP/CAMEL) WG3 (Interworking with external networks)

TSG SA

WG1 (Radio Layer 1) WG2 (Radio Layer 2 and Radio Layer 3 RR) WG3 (Iub, Iur, Iu, UTRAN O&M requirements) WG4 (R. performance, protocol aspects) AHG1 (Ad-hoc group on ITU (internal) co-ordination)
WG1 (Services) WG2 (Architecture) WG3 (Security) WG4 (Codec) WG5 (Telecom Management)

Introduction to 3GPP (4/5)

TSG T
WG1 (Mobile Terminal Conformance testing) WG2 (Terminal Services & Capabilities) WG3 (USIM)

Introduction to 3GPP (5/5)

Technical Work Done in WGs Meetings

Deliverables

As Necessary Decision through Consensus or Voting Most of the Work Done in Meetings Technical Reports/Technical Specifications Approval by Consensus or Vote Change Control When Sufficiently Stable

Inter-WG Coordination

Standards

In TSGs Information Exchange through Liaison Statements

Releases

3G Partnership Project (3GPP)

3GPP defining migration from GSM to UMTS (W-CDMA)

3GPP Release 99 (R99)

Core network evolves from GSM-only to support GSM, GPRS and new W-CDMA facilities Adds 3G radios

3GPP Release 00 (R00 R4, R5, and R6) 3GPP Release 4 (R4)
3GPP Release 5 (R5) 3GPP Release 6 (R6)

Adds softswitch/voice gateways and packet core

First IP Multimedia Services (IMS) w/SIP & QoS

All IP network; contents of r6 still being defined

Mobile Standard Organizations

Mobile Operators ITU Members

ITU GSM, W-CDMA, UMTS Third Generation Patnership Project (3GPP) IS-95), IS-41, IS2000, IS-835

CWTS (China)

Third Generation Partnership Project II (3GPP2)

ARIB (Japan) TTC (Japan) TTA (Korea) ETSI (Europe) T1 (USA) TIA (USA)

Partnership Project and Forums

ITU IMT-2000 http://www.itu.int/imt2000 Mobile Partnership Projects

Mobile Technical Forums

3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org 3GPP2: http://www.3gpp2.org

Mobile Marketing Forums

3G All IP Forum: http://www.3gip.org IPv6 Forum: http://www.ipv6forum.com

Mobile Wireless Internet Forum: http://www.mwif.org UMTS Forum: http://www.umts-forum.org GSM Forum: http://www.gsmworld.org Universal Wireless Communication: http://www.uwcc.org Global Mobile Supplier: http://www.gsacom.com

Mobile Standards Organizations

European Technical Standard Institute (Europe): Telecommunication Industry Association (USA): Standard Committee T1 (USA):

http://www.etsi.org

http://www.tiaonline.org http://www.t1.org

China Wireless Telecommunication Standard (China):

The Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan): The Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan): The Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea):

http://www.cwts.org

http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/

http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.html

http://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htm

Location-Related Organizations

LIF, Location Interoperability Forum

OMA, Open Mobile Alliance

http://www.locationforum.org/ Responsible for Mobile Location Protocol (MLP) Now part of Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) http://www.openmobilealliance.org/ Consolidates Open Mobile Architecture, WAP Forum, LIF, SyncML, MMS Interoperability Group, Wireless Village http://www.opengis.org/ Focus on standards for spatial and location information
http://www.wliaonline.com

Open GIS Consortium

WLIA, Wireless Location Industry Association

3G R99 Architecture (UMTS) 3G Radios

2G MS (voice only) BSS Abis E PSTN CN

A
B BSC C VLR D H IuCS RNS ATM Gr IuPS RNC HLR Gn SGSN AuC Gc Gi

PSTN

BTS 2G+ MS (voice & data)

Gb

MSC Gs

GMSC

SS7

Iub

PSDN

IP

GGSN

Node B 3G UE (voice & data)

BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller CN Core Network MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register RNS Radio Network System RNC Radio Network Controller AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

3G R4 Architecture (UMTS) Soft Switching

2G MS (voice only) BSS Abis A Mc BSC Gb CS-MGW Nc Mc B C PSTN CN Nb

CS-MGW

PSTN

MSC Server
Gs

BTS
2G+ MS (voice & data) RNS

VLR

D H

GMSC server

SS7 IP/ATM
Gc Gi GGSN

IuCS Gr ATM HLR Gn SGSN AuC

Iub

IuPS RNC

PSDN

Node B 3G UE (voice & data)

BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller CN Core Network MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register RNS Radio Network System RNC Radio Network Controller AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

3G R5 Architecture (UMTS) - IP Multimedia

2G MS (voice only) BSS Abis A/IuCS Mc BSC BTS 2G+ MS (voice & data) RNS Iub IuPS RNC Node B 3G UE (voice & data) IM
IM IP Multimedia sub-system
MRF Media Resource Function CSCF Call State Control Function MGCF Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP) IM-MGW IP Multimedia-MGW

CN Nb CS-MGW Nc Mc PSTN CS-MGW

PSTN

B
C VLR D H Gr HSS Gn GMSC server

Gb/IuPS

MSC Server Gs

SS7 IP/ATM
Gc Gi GGSN IM-MGW Gs PSTN

IuCS

ATM

AuC

IP Network

SGSN

IP
Mg MRF Mc MGCF CSCF

3GPP R6 Objectives

IP Multimedia Services, phase 2

IMS messaging and group management

Wireless LAN interworking Speech enabled services

Distributed speech recognition (DSR)

Number portability Other enhancements (?) Scope and definition in progress

Evolving Services

Up and Coming Mobile Services

SMS, EMS, MMS Location-based services 3G-324M Video VoIP w/o QoS IP Multimedia Services (w/QoS) Converged All-IP networks the Vision

Short Message Service (SMS)

Point-to-point, short, text message service Messages over signaling channel (MAP or IS-41) SMSC stores-and-forwards SMSs; delivery reports SME is any data terminal or Mobile Station
SMS-GMSC E A B SC C VLR SMS-IWMSC

PSDN

MS SME

BTS

BSC

MSC

PC
SMEs

SMS GMSC Gateway MSC SMS IWMSC InterWorking MSC SC Service Center SME Short Messaging Entity

HLR

EMS Principles

EMS (Enhanced Message Service) Leverages SMS infrastructure Formatting attributes in payload allow:

Interoperable with 2G SMS mobiles

Text formatting (alignment, font size, style, color) Pictures (e.g. 255x255 color) or vector-based graphics Animations Sounds 2G SMS spec had room for payload formatting 2G MS ignore special formats

MMS Principles (1)

Non-real-time, MMS (multi-media message service)

Uses IP data path & IP protocols (not SS7)

Text; Speech (AMR coding) Audio (MP3, synthetic MIDI) Image, graphics (JPEG, GIF, PNG) Video (MPEG4, H.263) Will evolve with multimedia technologies
WAP, HTTP, SMTP, etc.

Adapts to terminal capabilities

Media format conversions (JPEG to GIF) Media type conversions (fax to image) SMS (2G) terminal inter-working

MMS Principles (2)

MMs can be forwarded (w/o downloading), and may have a validity period One or multiple addressees Addressing by phone number (E.164) or email address (RFC 822) Extended reporting

Supports an MMBox, i.e. a mail box Optional support of media streaming (RTP/RTSP)

submission, storage, delivery, reading, deletion

Location

Driven by e911 requirements in US

Potential revenue from location-based services Several technical approaches

FCC mandated; not yet functioning as desired Most operators are operating under waivers

Plus additional core network infrastructure

In network technologies (measurements at cell sites) Handset technologies Network-assisted handset approaches Location computation and mobile location servers

Significant privacy issues

Location Technology

Cell identity: crude but available today Based on timing Based on timing and triangulation

TA: Timing Advance (distance from GSM BTS)

Based on satellite navigation systems

TOA: Time of Arrival TDOA: Time Difference of Arrival EOTD: Enhanced Observed Time Difference AOA: Angle of Arrival
GPS: Global Positioning System A-GPS: Assisted GPS

Location-Based Services

Emergency services

E911 - Enhanced 911

Value-added personal services

friend finder, directions

coupons or offers from nearby stores Traffic & coverage measurements

Commercial services

Network internal

All-IP Services
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 3GPP Multi-Media Domain (MMD) 3GPP2

Voice and video over IP with quality of service guarantees

Obsolete circuit-switched voice equipment

Target for converging the two disparate core network architectures

GPRS/UMTS

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

New packet data service in GSM Packet wireless access network and IP-based backbone Access to packet data networks (PDN)

Internet X.25 (NO MORE!)

GPRS Key Features

Packet-mode Flexible time slot allocation (1-8) Radio resources shared dynamically between speech and data services Independent uplink and downlink resource allocation Interworking with IP and X.25 networks

GPRS High-Level Functions

Network access control

Packet routing and transfer

registration, admission control, authentication, etc. address translation, encapsulation, tunneling, etc.

Mobility management Logical link management

Radio resource management Network management: OA&M

establishment, maintenance and release

GPRS Logical Architecture

SMS-GMSC SMS-IWMSC E Gd MSC/VLR A TE R MT Um BSS Gn Gs Gb SGSN Gn
D

SM-SC

HLR

Gr

Gc Gi GGSN Gf EIR PDN TE

Gp
GGSN

SGSN

Other PLMN
Signaling Interface Signaling and Data Transfer Interface

Key Processes

Dynamic radio resource management

GPRS attachment/detachment: MS & SGSN GPRS mobility management

capacity on demand (PS vs. CS) flexible time slot assignment for both up-link and down-link

PDP activation/de-activation: MS & GGSN

MM Context: ID, state, RA, AAA, etc Location Update: Cell, RA, LA

PDP Context: QoS, Compression, Address, type, etc

GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)

Forward packets between an external PDN and MU Carry GPRS signaling messages between GSNs

Allows multi-protocol packets to be tunneled through the GPRS backbone

GTP Protocol Stack

GTP
Path Protocol GSN Signaling Plane IP/X.25 PDU GTP Path Protocol GSN IP/X.25 PDU GTP Path Protocol GSN
Path Protocol - TCP, UDP/IP

GTP
Path Protocol GSN

Path Protocol - UDP/IP

Transmission Plane

Entities

The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

Mobility Management Authentication Gathers Charging Information

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) / Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

Gateway between UMTS Core Network and external networks Address allocation for MS Gathers Charging Information Filtering
BSS

RNS (Radio Network Subsystem)

BSC (Base Station Controller) BTS (Base Station Transceiver)

RNC (Radio Network Controller) Node-B

PDP Context

Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context

Session Logical Tunnel between MS and GGSN Anchored GGSN for Session Multiple PDP Contexts

PDP Context Activities

Activation Modification Deactivation

Per Mobile Per PDP Address

R99 Interfaces and Protocols GSM User Plane

Application IP, etc.
Relay

IP, etc. SNDCP LLC

Relay

SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM RF Um RLC MAC BSSGP

GTP-U

GTP-U UDP IP L2 L1 Gn Gi

UDP BSSGP Network Service L1bis Gb IP L2 L1

Network Service GSM RF L1bis

MS

BSS

SGSN

GGSN

R99 Interfaces and Protocols UMTS User Plane

A lcto p i ai n p

E. I , . ,P g PP P, O S P Ra ey l PC DP RC L M A C L 1
U u

E. I , . ,P g PP P, O S P Ra ey l GP TU GP TU UPP UPP DI / DI / AL A5 AM T
I- S uP

PC DP RC L M A C L 1

GP TU UPP DI / AL A5 AM T

GP TU UPP DI / L 2 L 1
G n G i

L 2 L 1

M S

URN TA

3-G G S S N

3- G G S G N

Outline
History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Next Generation Wireless Networks: All-IP Network

Release 2000 All-IP Architecture

Release 2000 Architecture

Includes All-IP Architecture Option GPRS as basis

New Entities - Voice over IP infrastructure

Call State Control Function (CSCF) Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) Media Gateway (MGW) etc.

Includes GPRS Core Network Home Subscriber Server (HSS) instead of HLR

New Interfaces New Protocols

All-IP System Level Architecture

Gr+ MAP+ Iu-PS

Application servers

SCP HSS CAP

WIN

OSA

Service capability servers

3G RAN

SGSN GGSN

RAS

IPv6 All-IP Core

GW

TSGW MGW RSGW MAP IS-41 ISUP

PSTN
Legacy Cellular

WLAN, DSL, cable...

SIP CSCF MGCF H.248 MRF

Internet
Multimedia Resource Function Remote Access Server (DSLAM, head Roaming Signaling Gateway Transport Signaling Gate

CSCF HSS end) MGCF MGW

Call State Control Function Home Subscriber Server Media Gateway Control Function Media Gateway

MRF RAS RSGW TSGW

R00 All-IP Reference Architecture

SCP OSA, VHE, etc. Service Layer Application/Control Layer

Legacy Mobile Signaling Networks

CSCF RSGW CSCF

MGCF HSS MRF Transport SGSN Layer TSGW

External IP Networks

GGSN

MGW

PSTN/ External CS Networks

RAS WLAN, DSL, Cable, etc.

3GPP All-IP Reference Model

Applications & Services Alternative Access Networks
Legacy mobile Signaling Network

SGW
Mh Ms

Multimedia IP Network

Mm

E-HLR
Cx Gr

CSCF
Gm Mr Mg Gi

TE
R

MT
MT
R

GERAN
Um Iu

Gc
Iups

MRF
Gi

MGCF
Mc

E-SGSN
Gp

TE

UTRAN
Uu

Gn Gf

E-GGSN Gi EIR

MGW

PSTN/ Legacy/ External

GGSN Other PLMN

Signalling Interface Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

TE Terminal Equipment PSTN Public Switched Telephone MT Mobile Termination Net. ERAN EDGE Radio Access Network IP Internet Protocol EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution E-SGSN Enhanced SGSN UTRAN UMTS Radio Access Network E-GGSN Enhanced GGSN UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services SGW Signalling Gateway E-HLR Enhanced Home Location Register CSCF Call State Control Function SGSN Serving GPRSSupport Node EIR Equipment Identify Register GPRS General Packet Radio Service MRF Multimedia Resource Function GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node MGCF Media Gateway Control PLMN Public Land Mobile Network Function MGW Media Gateway

R00 New Protocols (?)

Protocol between CSCF and Mobile or IP Phone: CSCF-MRF: Mr CSCF-MGW: Mc CSCF-HSS:Cx

H.323 or SIP

H.248/Megaco H.248/Megaco

CSCF-CSCF: Mw

IP based Interface

CSCF-Legacy Mobile Network: Ms CSCF-Applications/Services: Real-time IP transport:

Bear Independent Control Protocol (BICC) or SIP? IP based signaling - The same as Mw
Difference: Camel over IP (Sigtran)

RTP/UDP/IP

Future trends

Multi-services Common Network for all kind of services

Rapid, flexible, and ease creation of new services

Layered Network Functionality layer implementation independently

for system flexibility and future evolution

Multi-access and Access independent, Seamless Mobility world Several accesses (WCDMA, EDGE, WLAN, Cable, etc.)

Global IP mobility

IPv6-based

For scalability and address space For mobility between accesses (Global IP mobility)

Mobility Management

One Network
Future Multi-service Network
Content Communication

Servers
Control

Content

IP with Mobility
Access Access Access

Users

A Vision for 4G

Mobile System Generations

First Generation (1G) mobile systems were designed to offer a single service, i.e., speech.
Second Generation (2G) mobile systems were also designed primarily to offer speech with a limited capability to offer data at low rates. Third Generation (3G) mobile systems are expected to offer high-quality multi-media services and operate in different environments.

3G systems are referred to as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) in Europe and International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT2000) worldwide.

UMTS Main Requirements (3M)

Multi-media Multi-environment

Multi-operator

Virtual operators

Mobile Multimedia Services

Mobile Multimedia
2M 384K Video Conference (High quality) Video Conference (Low quality)

Broadcast
Information Distribution Services News Weather forecast Traffic information Mobile Radio

Internet Access

Remote medical service (Medical image)

Database Access Video Catalog shopping Video on demand -Sports -News -Movies ISDN Karaoke Mobile TV

WWW e-mail
Electronic Newspaper Voice Mail Electronic Publishing

64K

32K
Telephone

ftp IP telephony etc

16K Conference

pager

Sports information Leisure Information

9.6K
Telephone

2.4K 1.2K

Electronic Mail

FAX

Image Data Voice

Symmetric

Asymmetric

Multicast

Point to Point

Multi Point

Different Environments for UMTS

G lobal

Suburban

Urban In- Building H e-Cell om Pico-Cell

M icro-Cell M acro-Cell

4G Concept

Towards 4G
User driven, user controlled services and context-aware applications

4G Concept
What does user controlled services mean?
The user has freedom and flexibility to select any desired service with reasonable QoS and affordable price, anytime, anywhere.

4G Concept
What does context-aware applications mean?
A context-aware application means the behaviour of the application adapts itself to user context changes. User context includes: -user profile and preferences. -user terminal and network capabilities. -user environment and mobility.

Technologies
Challenges

Convergence/integration/interworking of all existing and emerging fixed and mobile (wired and wireless) networks including broadcast Simple to select and easy to use desired services Universal and low cost terminals

IP Technology

Agent Technology

Reconfigurable Technology

Network Level Concepts

Inter-working Concept

Integration Concept

Hierarchical Layers for 4G

IP-based backbone

Global layer Regional layer

DAB and DVB-T

Satellite

National layer
Local area layer

2G, 3G Cellular

Wireless LANs

Personal network layer

Wireless PANs Vertical Handover

Horizontal Handover

Inter-Working
Billing SIP Proxy VHE Server Signalling WAP Accounting Gateway

ISP

The Internet Satellite FES IP backbone Broadcast Networks (DAB, DVB-T) GSM / GPRS UMTS
IP-based micro-mobility Context-aware information Centre

Wireless LANs
DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting
DVB: Digital Video Broadcasting

Integration
Applications
AP1 AP2 AP3 APn

Middleware Service support sub-layer Location Accounting/billing Media conversion Distribution

Basic network management sub-layer RRM MM C/SM

Security

QoS

ISDN/ PSTN
IP

IP-based transport NW

IP

IP IP Radio Internet

IP Radio

IP Radio

IP

General architecture of the IP-based IMT network platform

Network Selection
Most Appropriate Network Selection Criteria

Service Type
- Data rate - QoS Available Resources

User Context
- Environment (When and Where) - Mobility

- User preferences

Convergence: Cellular Networks and WLANs

Benefits
Lower cost of networks and equipment The use of licence-exempt spectrum Higher capacity and QoS enhancement Higher revenue For users Access to broadband multimedia services with lower cost and where
mostly needed (e.g. in Central Business Districts and Business Customer Premises).

For cellular mobile operators Higher bandwidths

Inter-network

Convergence: Cellular Networks and Broadcasting

Drivers
From broadcaster point of view

Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional point-to-multipoint

broadcasting systems. That is, a broadband downlink based on DAB/DVB-T and a narrowband uplink based on 2G/3G cellular systems.

From the cellular mobile operator point of view

Providing a complementary broadband downlink in vehicular

environments to support IP-based multi-media traffic which is inherently asymmetrical.

Convergence: Cellular Networks and Broadcasting

Benefits
adapt the content of their multi-media services more rapidly in
response to the feedback from customers.

Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to

Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of new broadband multi-media services in vehicular environments.

Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multimedia services with reasonable QoS and lower cost.

IP Layer Model

Steve Deering - Cisco : Fifty-first IETF; London, England, August 5-10, 2001

IP Layer Model for WLANs

Higher Layers
Additional IP Functions

Mobility IP Sec Management Ad-Hoc Routing Quality of Service etc. AAA Native IP Functions: Routing Addressing Packet Formatting and Handling
Data Interface Control Interface

IP Network Layer

Error Control Buffer Management QoS Support Segmentation/Reassembly Header Compression Multicast Support

Configuration Management Address Management IP Convergence QoS Control Layer Handover Control Idle Mode Support Security Management

Lower Layers

IP Layer Model
The functionalities and structure of the IP layer model are not
sufficient and/or efficient to achieve the requirements of future inter-worked or integrated networks.

No fundamental changes have been made in the design of IPV6. The question is:
Are some radical changes needed to the IP layer model in order to offer better solutions to the convergence issue? If yes, what are the consequences and implications?

Agent Definition
An agent is a software component (object) that is situated within an execution environment (e.g. computers) and acts autonomously on behalf of a user or process and has specific goal.
AP

AP
AP

AP

2G, 3G WLAN
Service Centre

AP: Agent Platform

Agent Technology
Mandatory features Reactive: senses changes in the environment and
reacts in accordance.

Autonomous: has control over its own actions Goal-driven: is pro-active Optional features Collaborative: communicates/negotiates with other
agents

Mobile: travels from one host to another Learning: adapts in accordance with previous experience
Believable: appears believable to the end-user.

Mobile vs. Static Agents

request respond

Client

Server
request respond

Client

Server

Software components that can migrate under their own control from host to host in a network or between networks

Mobile Agents
monitoring and service delivery including education at a distance. In an ever-increasing world of service providers and service packages, a user demands a simple approach to the selection of the desired service and its delivery mechanism in real-time with least effort. This can be achieved through the use of mobile agents.

Mobile agents have already been used for network

The use of mobile agents can also overcome

the constraints imposed on applications by the limited processing power and speed of mobile terminals.

Agent Technology
An open question:
Static or mobile agents for wireless networks? What are the pros and cons?

Re-configurable Technology
What does Reconfiguration mean?
Reconfiguration refers to the software re-definition and/or adaptation of every element within each layer of the communication chain.

RF Front End

A/D Converter D/A Converter

Baseband Processing

User Data

Re-configurable Technology
- Select network depending on service requirements and cost.
- Connect to any network Worldwide roaming. - Access to new services.

Benefits Users

- Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing). - Incorporate service enhancements and improvements. - Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals. - Rapid development of new personalised and customised services
- Single platform for all markets. - Increased flexible and efficient production.

Operators

Manufacturers

Re-configuration Procedures
Reconfiguration Trigger
Mode Monitoring Mode Identification Mode Negotiation Mode Switch Decision Download software modules that are required for the target mode Software Download

Initiated by network operator or user

What networks are available? What is the most suitable network (based on QoS, user preferences etc.)? Decision on preferred mode

Reconfigure Terminal

Re-configurable Technology
CHALLENGES

Regulatory and Standardisation issues. Business models. User preference profiles.

Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria. Software download mechanisms.

Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators.

Enabling Technologies (RF and antenna elements, ADC/DAC etc.)

Conclusion
Reconfigurable Technology IP Technology

4G Vision

Agent Technology

Backup slides

Wireless Applications

Very Low Frequency (VLF) 3 to 300 kHz

Medium Frequency (MF) 0.3 to 3 MHz

Submarine

High Frequency (HF) 3 to 30 MHz

AM Radio Broadcast

Ionospheric long distance communications

More Radio Applications

Very High Frequency (VHF) 30 to 300 MHz

Ultra High Frequency (UHF)300 MHz to 3 GHz

Land mobile Television Broadcast

And so on

UHF television channels 14-82 PCS Radar

Wireless Services

Point-to-Point or Point-to-Multipoint Communications

Broadcasting

Fixed or Mobile

Mobile Telephony

AM, FM, TV, facsimile, data Telemetry and remote control Cordless Cellular and PCS

Wireless Network Access

Wireless cabling

LAN and Internet access Wireless Local Loop

Broadcasting

AM radio: 540 to 1600 kHz FM radio: 88 to 108 MHz Short wave (HF) radio: 3 to 30 MHz Citizens Band (CB) radio: 27 MHz Television broadcast

channels 2-6: 54-88 MHz channels 7-13: 174-220 megahertz

Other Wireless Applications

Garage door openers: around 40 MHz Cordless phones: 40 to 50, 900 MHz Baby monitors: 49 megahertz Radio controlled airplanes: around 72 MHz Cell phones: 800 and 2400 MHz bands Air Traffic Control radar: 960 to 1,215 megahertz GPS (GNSS): 1,227 and 1,575 megahertz Satellite communications: 2290 megahertz to 2300 megahertz

SEGMENT

BAND 200 - 400 MHz

BANDWIDTH USED 160 KHz 47 MHz 800 MHz 500 MHz 500 MHz 2500 MHz 1000 MHz 3500 MHz 5000 MHz

USER Military Commercial Commercial Military Commercial Commercial Military Military/DOT Military

SATELLITES FLTSAT, LEASAT MARISAT, INMARSAT INTELSAT, DOMSATS, ANIK E DSCS, SKYNET, NATO INTELSAT, DOMSATS, ANIK E JCS DSCS IV MILSTAR CROSSLINKS

UHF

L C X Ku

1.5 - 1.6 GHz 6/4 GHz 8/7 GHz 14/12 GHz 30/20 GHz 44/20 GHz 64/59 GHz

SHF EHF

Ka Q V

Satellite Communication Bands