1

How the Power Grid Behaves

Tom Overbye Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Presentation Overview

Goal is to demonstrate operation of large scale

power grid. Emphasis on the impact of the transmission syste. Introduce basic power flow concepts through small system examples. Finish with simulation of Eastern U.S. System.

PowerWorld Simulator

PowerWorld Simulator is an interactive,

Windows based simulation program, originally designed at University of Illinois for teaching basics of power system operations to non-power engineers. PowerWorld Simulator can now study systems of just about any size.

Eastern Interconnect Operating Areas

NSP WPS CORNWALL NEPOOL NYPP DPC SMP MGE DECO ONT HYDR

WEP WPL IPW PENELEC MEC NI TE CEI MPW NPPD OPPD CILCO NIPS AEP METED AE CWLP IPL AP CIPS STJO MIDW KACY MIPU HE IMPA OVEC CIN PEPCO DPL DPL BG&E PECO OE DLCO PJM500 JCP&L PSE&G PP&L CONS

LES

IESC

IP

Ovals represent operating areas Arrows indicate power flow in MW between areas

VP KACP INDN EMO SIPC KU LGE EEI ASEC SIGE BREC EKPC

WERE

DOE EMDE OMPA GRRD SPRM

YADKIN CPLW

DUKE WEFA

CPLE

KAMO

SWPA

HARTWELL SEPA-JST

OKGE PSOK SCE&G SOUTHERN SCPSA

ENTR

SEPA-RBR

AEC SWEP

EQ-ERCOT

JEA LAFA SMEPA TAL SEC

CELE

Zoomed View of Midwest

WEP WPL CONS

NI

TE
CE I

CILCO

NIPS

IP CWLP IPL DPL

CIPS HE IMPA

CIN

OVEC

EMO SIPC

SIGE

BREC

Power System Basics

All power systems have three major components:

Generation, Load and Transmission. Generation: Creates electric power. Load: Consumes electric power. Transmission: Transmits electric power from generation to load.

One-line Diagram

Most power systems are balanced three phase

systems. A balanced three phase system can be modeled as a single (or one) line. One-lines show the major power system components, such as generators, loads, transmission lines. Components join together at a bus.

Eastern North American High Voltage Transmission Grid

HAWTHORN MASS 765 -210 MVR BRUJB561 BRUJB569 BRUJB562 CLAIRVIL INDEPNDCPT1 PITZP 9MI JA OSWEGO MILTON SCRIBA VOLNEY CLAY KINTI345 676676 MW 50 MW MVR MVR 50 ELBRIDGE DEWITT 3 LAFAYTTE N.SCOT99 250 MW MW 0 45 MVRMVR 0 145 MVR REYNLD3 ALPS345 -202 MVR MARCY T1 EDIC ESSA TRAFALH2 TRAFALH1 BECK B NIAG 345 BECK A MIDD8086 NANTICOK LONGWOOD FRASR345 294 MVR OAKDL345 WATERC345 294 MVR COOPC345 HURLEY 3 PLTVLLEY ROSETON FISHKILL Indian Point Buchanan Millwood Pleasantville Eastview Shoreham Port Jefferson Wildwood Riverhead Dunwoodie Sprain Brook Northport Dvnpt. NK Elwood Holbrook Brookhaven Tremont Hmp. Harbor Greelawn Syosset Pilgrim Holtsville Shore Rd. RaineySuccess Bethpage Rd. Lcst. Grv. Lake NewbridgeRuland WE49th St. Corona E.G.C. 15th St. Farragut Jamaica Vernon Cogen Tech Valley Stream Gowanus Barrett Greenwood Goethals Fresh Kills Fox Hills PANNELL3 ROCH 345 146 MVR STOLE345 GILB 345 250 MW MW 0 45 MVRMVR 0 286 MVR LEEDS 3

348 MW MW 0 262 MVRMVR 0 ROCK TAV 143 MVR

RAMAPO 5

SUSQHANA

SUNBURY WESCOVLE KEYSTONE JUNIATA CONEM-GH 3 MILE I ALBURTIS HOSENSAK ELROY LIMERICK WHITPAIN BRANCHBG DEANS SMITHBRG

01YUKON HUNTERTN

1093 MW 250 MVR PEACHBTM 1094MVR 250 MW CNASTONE KEENEY

BRIGHTON W CHAPEL 8MT STM 08MDWBRK

8LOUDON 8CLIFTON 8OX 8POSSUM 8MORRSVL

BURCHES CHALK500 CLVT CLF 829 MWMW 273 MVR 293 828 MVR

07MEROM5 8VALLEY 8DOOMS 893 MVR -114MW 8LDYSMTH 8NO ANNA -110 MVR 897 MW 8ELMONT

300300 9 MVR 9 MVRMVR MW MWMW 300 9 8BATH CO 300300320 MW 9 MW MW MVR MVRMVR 9 9 8LEXNGTN

8MDLTHAN 8CHCKAHM 801 MVR -127MW 8SURRY 8CARSON 8SEPTA 8YADKIN 8FENTRES

8CLOVER

8SHAWNEE 8MARSHAL 05NAGEL 8PHIPP B 8MONTGOM 8SULLIVA 0 MVR

8ANTIOCH 8PERSON 8MAYO 1

8PARKWOD 8VOLUNTE 8ROANE 8JVILLE 8DAVIDSO 8BULL RU 8PL GRDN 0 MVR

8WEAKLEY

8WILSON

8WAKE

Figure shows transmission lines at 345 kV or above in Eastern U.S.

8MAURY 8JACKSON 8FRANKLI 8SNP 8SHELBY 8CORDOVA 340 MVR WM-EHV 8 8FREEPOR 8BFNP 8TRINITY 8LIMESTO 8WID CRK 8MADISON 8BNP 1 8BNP 2 8RACCOON

8WBNP 1

8MCGUIRE 1129 MW 0183 MVR MVR 8CUMBERL 8JOCASSE 8BAD CRK 8OCONEE 0 MVR 8RICHMON

8UNION

8BOWEN 8BIG SHA 8VILLA R 8MILLER 8WANSLEY 8BULLSLU 8NORCROS 8KLONDIK 8UNIONCT

8W POINT 8LOWNDES

8S. BESS

8SCHERER

MCADAM 8

8HATCH8

8FARLEY

Zoomed View of Midwest

PAD 345 05BENTON ZION ; B WEMPL; B WEMPL; R LIBER; R SILVE; R
NB159;1M NB159; B

ZION ; R 1115 MW -185 MVR 05COOK 600 MW -41 MVR 05KENZIE

GOLF ; R GOLF ; B SK 88; R SK 88; B

19MADRD

CHERR; R CHERR; B
PH117; R

03BAY SH

53%
WAYNE; R

DP 46; B DP 46; R

19MAJTC 05TWIN B 05EELKHA

03DAV-BE

BYRON; R BYRON; B

W407K; R W407M;9T W407K;9T ITASC;1M

05OLIVE

05JACKSR

17HIPLE

03LEMOYN
LOMBA; B LOMBA; R ????? ELMHU; B ELMHU; R CRAWF; B CRAWF; R TAYLO; B TAYLO; R 17MCHCTY

05DUMONT
GARFI; B BEDFO; R MCCOO; B CALUM; B SLINE; B BEDFO;RT BURNH; B BURNH;4M BURNH;0R 17MUNSTR SLINE; R 17CHIAVE 17SHEFLD 17LKGORG 17BABCOK 17DUNACR

H471 ;

ELECT; B ELECT; R NELSO; B

LISLE; B LISLE; R MCCOO; R

17STLWEL

05S.BTLR

GOODI;3B GOODI;1R GOODI;4B GOODI;2R LOCKP; B PLANO; B PLANO; R PLANO; LOCKP; R

JO 29; B JO 29; R

17TWR RD

B ISL; R

05COLNGW 05FOSTOR
G ACR; T

BURNH;1R

S JOH; T

17GRNACR

17LESBRG 17BUROAK 05ROB PK

E FRA; B E FRA; R WILTO; WILTO;

BLOOM; R

17STJOHN

05ALLEN
17SCHAHF

DRESD; B DRESD; R COLLI; R COLLI; LASCO; B LASCO; R BRAID; B BRAID; R 05REYNOL DAVIS; B DAVIS; R 08DEEDSV 05SORENS 05E LIMA 02GALION

05SW LIM

05DEQUIN

08WALTON

56%
08WESTWD PONTI;

05GRNTWN 02TANGY ?????

05MARYSV TAZEWELL

05HYATT

POWER; R POWER; B

05DESOTO

05CORRID 09NETAP 09CLINTO 05HAYDEN 05ROBERT

DUCK CRK

BROKA; T

09KILLEN ????? 08NOBLSV 05FALL C 05BEATTY

????? 08WHITST CLINTON RISING SIDNEY MAROA W MAROA E 08CAY CT OREANA E 16STOUT 08GWYNN 08TDHNTR 09URBANA KANSAS 08WODSDL 08FOSTER 08DRESSR ????? 16THOMPS 16HANNA BUNSONVL 05EUGENE 08CAYUGA 16ROCKVL 08NUCOR 09BATH 16GUION 16SUNNYS 08GRNBOR 09GIVENS

LATHA; T

KINCA;

69%
60%
07WORTHN

08P.UNON

07BLOMNG 08M.FTHS 08TERMNL

Arrows indicate MW flow on the lines; piecharts show percentage loading of lines

PAWNEE PANA NEOGA CASEY 05BREED

62%
05SULLVA 08COLMBU

08OKLND 05TANNER

200 MW 6 MVR 500 MW 25 MVR 06DEARBN

08M.FORT

08REDBK1 05MARQUI 08REDBK2 08SGROVE

RAMSEY 07MEROM5 ?????

62%
08EBEND 08BUFTN1

06PIERCE

08ZIMER COFFEN N COFFEEN NEWTON ?????

08ALENJT 08BEDFRD 06CLIFTY

????? 05JEFRSO 12GHENT

09CARGIL

70%

10

Example Three Bus System

Pie charts show percentage loading of lines
Bus 2
200 MW 100 MVR -17 MW 3 MVR 17 MW -3 MVR

Bus 1
1.00 pu

Generator

1.00 pu 100 MW 2 MVR

150 MW AGC ON 114 MVR AVR ON

-33 MW 10 MVR 33 MW -10 MVR

-17 MW 5 MVR 17 MW -5 MVR 1.00 pu 100 MW 50 MVR

100 MW

Bus 3

Load

Bus

150 MW AGC ON 35 MVR AVR ON

Circuit Breaker

11

Generation

Large plants predominate, with sizes up to about

1500 MW. Coal is most common source, followed by hydro, nuclear and gas. Gas is now most economical. Generated at about 20 kV.

12

Loads

Can range in size from less than a single watt to

10s of MW. Loads are usually aggregated. The aggregate load changes with time, with strong daily, weekly and seasonal cycles.

13

Transmission

Goal is to move electric power from generation to

load with as low of losses and cost as possible. P = V I or P/V = I Losses are I2 R Less losses at higher voltages, but more costly to construct and insulate.

14

Transmission and Distribution

Typical high voltage transmission voltages are

500, 345, 230, 161, 138 and 69 kV. Transmission tends to be a grid system, so each bus is supplied from two or more directions. Lower voltage lines are used for distribution, with a typical voltage of 12.4 kV. Distribution systems tend to be radial. Transformers are used to change the voltage.

15

Other One-line Objects

Circuit Breakers - Used to open/close devices; red

is closed, green is open. Pie Charts - Show percentage loading of transmission lines. Up/down arrows - Used to control devices. Values - Show current values for different quantities.

16

Power Balance Constraints

Power flow refers to how the power is moving

through the system. At all times the total power flowing into any bus MUST be zero! This is know as Kirchhoffs law. And it can not be repealed or modified. Power is lost in the transmission system.

17

Basic Power Control

Opening a circuit breaker causes the power flow

to instantaneously(nearly) change. No other way to directly control power flow in a transmission line. By changing generation we can indirectly change this flow.

18

Flow Redistribution Following Opening Line Circuit Breaker

Bus 2
200 MW 100 MVR -50 MW 11 MVR 50 MW -9 MVR

Bus 1
1.00 pu

1.00 pu 101 MW 6 MVR

150 MW AGC ON 111 MVR AVR ON

0 MW 0 MVR 0 MW 0 MVR

-50 MW 16 MVR 50 MW -14 MVR 1.00 pu 100 MW 50 MVR 150 MW AGC ON 36 MVR AVR ON

100 MW

No flow on open line

Bus 3

Power Balance must be satisfied at each bus

19

Indirect Control of Line Flow

Bus 2
200 MW 100 MVR 16 MW -3 MVR -16 MW 3 MVR

Bus 1
1.00 pu

1.00 pu 2 MW 30 MVR

150 MW AGC ON 118 MVR AVR ON

-66 MW 21 MVR 67 MW -19 MVR

-82 MW 27 MVR 83 MW -23 MVR 1.00 pu 100 MW 50 MVR 250 MW OFF AGC 8 MVR AVR ON

100 MW

Bus 3

Generator MW output changed

Generator change indirectly changes line flow

20

Transmission Line Limits

Power flow in transmission line is limited by a

number of considerations. Losses (I2 R) can heat up the line, causing it to sag. This gives line an upper thermal limit. Thermal limits depend upon ambient conditions. Many utilities use winter/summer limits.

21

Overloaded Transmission Line

Bus 2
359 MW 179 MVR -152 MW 37 MVR 154 MW -24 MVR

Bus 1
1.00 pu

104%
1.00 pu

104%

Thermal limit of 150 MVA

89 MW -24 MVR -87 MW 29 MVR 1.00 pu 179 MW 90 MVR 150 MW AGC ON 102 MVR AVR ON

343 MW -49 MVR 100 MW

150 MW AGC ON 234 MVR AVR ON

-57 MW 18 MVR 58 MW -16 MVR

Bus 3

22

Interconnected Operation

Power systems are interconnected across large

distances. For example most of North American east of the Rockies is one system, with most of Texas and Quebec being major exceptions Individual utilities only own and operate a small portion of the system, which is referred to an operating area (or an area).

23

Operating Areas

Areas constitute a structure imposed on grid. Transmission lines that join two areas are known

as tie-lines. The net power out of an area is the sum of the flow on its tie-lines. The flow out of an area is equal to total gen - total load - total losses = tie-flow

24

Three Bus System Split into Two Areas

Initially area flow is not controlled
Bus 2
214 MW 107 MVR -29 MW 6 MVR 29 MW -6 MVR

Bus 1
1.00 pu

1.00 pu 121 MW -3 MVR -35 MW 11 MVR 35 MW -10 MVR 8 MW -2 MVR 1.00 pu 107 MW 53 MVR 150 MW AGC ON 41 MVR AVR ON -8 MW 2 MVR 100 MW

150 MW AGC ON 124 MVR AVR ON

Home Area

Area 2

Bus 3 Scheduled Transactions 0.0 MW

Off AGC

Net tie flow is NOT zero

25

Area Control Error (ACE)

The area control error mostly the difference

between the actual flow out of area, and scheduled flow. ACE also includes a frequency component. Ideally the ACE should always be zero. Because the load is constantly changing, each utility must constantly change its generation to chase the ACE.

26

Home Area ACE

Bus 2
255 MW 128 MVR -12 MW 2 MVR 12 MW -2 MVR

Bus 1
1.00 pu

20.0

1.00 pu
Area Control Error (MW) 10.0

106 MW -1 MVR -6 MW 2 MVR 6 MW -2 MVR 1.00 pu 12806:30 AM MW 64 MVR 100 MW

227 MW OFF AGC -17 MW 5 MVR 135 MVR AVR ON 17 MW -5 MVR Home Area

0.0

-10.0

Area 2

Bus 3
-20.0

Scheduled Transactions 0.0 MW

Off AGC 150 MW AGC ON 57 MVR AVR ON

06:15 AM Time

ACE changes with time

27

Inadvertent Interchange

ACE can never be held exactly at zero. Integrating the ACE gives the inadvertent

interchange, expressed in MWh. Utilities keep track of this value. If it gets sufficiently negative they will pay back the accumulated energy. In extreme cases inadvertent energy is purchased at a negotiated price.

28

Automatic Generation Control

Most utilities use automatic generation control

(AGC) to automatically change their generation to keep their ACE close to zero. Usually the utility control center calculates ACE based upon tie-line flows; then the AGC module sends control signals out to the generators every couple seconds.

29

Three Bus Case on AGC

Bus 2
214 MW 107 MVR -22 MW 4 MVR 22 MW -4 MVR

Bus 1
1.00 pu

1.00 pu 100 MW 2 MVR

150 MW AGC ON 124 MVR AVR ON

-42 MW 13 MVR 42 MW -12 MVR

-22 MW 7 MVR 22 MW -6 MVR 1.00 pu 107 MW 53 MVR 171 MW AGC ON 35 MVR AVR ON

100 MW

Home Area

Area 2

Bus 3 Scheduled Transactions 0.0 MW

ED

With AGC on, net tie flow is zero, but individual line flows are not zero

30

Generator Costs

There are many fixed and variable costs

associated with power system operation. Generation is major variable cost. For some types of units (such as hydro and nuclear) it is difficult to quantify. For thermal units it is much easier. There are four major curves, each expressing a quantity as a function of the MW output of the unit.

31

Generator Cost Curves

Input-output (IO) curve: Shows relationship

between MW output and energy input in Mbtu/hr. Fuel-cost curve: Input-output curve scaled by a fuel cost expressed in $ / Mbtu. Heat-rate curve: shows relationship between MW output and energy input (Mbtu / MWhr). Incremental (marginal) cost curve shows the cost to produce the next MWhr.

32

Example Generator Fuel-Cost Curve

Y-axis tells cost to produce specified power (MW) in $/hr
10000

7500 Fuel-cost ($/hr)

5000

2500

Current generator operating point

0 150 300 450 Generator Power (MW) 600

33

Example Generator Marginal Cost Curve

Y-axis tells marginal cost to produce one more MWhr in $/MWhr
20.0 Incremental cost ($/MWH)

15.0

10.0

Current generator operating point

5.0

0.0 0 150 300 450 Generator Power (MW) 600

34

Economic Dispatch

Economic dispatch (ED) determines the least cost

dispatch of generation for an area. For a lossless system, the ED occurs when all the generators have equal marginal costs.
IC1(PG,1) = IC2(PG,2) = = ICm(PG,m)

35

Power Transactions

Power transactions are contracts between areas to

do power transactions. Contracts can be for any amount of time at any price for any amount of power. Scheduled power transactions are implemented by modifying the area ACE: ACE = Pactual,tie-flow - Psched

36

Implementation of 100 MW Transaction

Bus 2
-31 MW 6 MVR 31 MW -6 MVR

Bus 1
1.00 pu

Overloaded line

340 MW 170 MVR

1.00 pu

112%
150 MW AGC ON 232 MVR AVR ON -159 MW 55 MVR 163 MW -41 MVR -130 MW 44 MVR

1 MW 38 MVR 100 MW

112%

Home Area

Bus 3 Scheduled Transactions 100.0 MW

ED 466 MW AGC ON 9 MVR AVR ON

133 MW -35 MVR 1.00 pu 170 MW 85 MVR

Area 2

Scheduled Transaction

Net tie flow is now 100 MW from left to right

37

Security Constrained ED

Transmission constraints often limit system

economics. Such limits required a constrained dispatch in order to maintain system security. In three bus case the generation at bus 3 must be constrained to avoid overloading the line from bus 2 to bus 3.

38

Security Constrained Dispatch

Gens 2 &3 changed to remove overload
Bus 2
340 MW 170 MVR -22 MW 4 MVR 22 MW -4 MVR

Bus 1
1.00 pu

1.00 pu

100%
177 MW OFF AGC -142 MW 49 MVR 223 MVR AVR ON 145 MW -37 MVR -122 MW 41 MVR

-0 MW 37 MVR 100 MW

100%

Home Area

Bus 3 Scheduled Transactions 100.0 MW

ED 439 MW AGC ON 15 MVR AVR ON

124 MW -33 MVR 1.00 pu 170 MW 85 MVR

Area 2

Net tie flow is still 100 MW from left to right

39

Multi-Area Operation

The electrons are not concerned with area

boundaries. Actual power flows through the entire network according to impedance of the transmission lines. If Areas have direct interconnections, then they can directly transact up their tie-line capacity. Flow through other areas is known as parallel path or loop flows.

40

Seven Bus, Thee Area Case One-line

Area Top has 5 buses
2 40 MW 20 MVR -40 MW 1.04 pu 6 20 MW 200 MW Left Area Cost 0 MVR 4189 $/MWH AGC ON -20 MW 40 MW 168 MW AGC ON 20 MW -20 MW 40 MW 1.04 pu 7 200 MW 0 MVR 201 MW AGC ON 44 MW 1.05 pu 1 62 MW -42 MW 3 106 MW -37 MW AGC ON -31 MW 4 110 MW 40 MVR -32 MW 94 MW AGC ON -14 MW 1.01 pu 5 -39 MW 130 MW 40 MVR 31 MW 0.99 pu 80 MW 30 MVR 1.00 pu

38 MW -61 MW 1.04 pu 32 MW 79 MW

Case Hourly Cost 16933 $/MWH -77 MW

ACE for each area is zero

Top Area Cost

8029 $/MWH

Right Area Cost

4715 $/MWH

200 MW

Area Left has one bus

Area Right has one bus

41

Seven Bus Case: Area View

Top 40.1 MW 0.0 MW Area Losses 7.09 MW -40.1 MW 0.0 MW

Actual flow between areas

Scheduled flow between areas

Left Area Losses 0.33 MW 40.1 MW 0.0 MW

Right Area Losses 0.65 MW

42

Seven Bus Case with 100 MW Transfer

Top 4.8 MW 0.0 MW Area Losses 9.45 MW -4.8 MW 0.0 MW

Losses went up from 7.09 MW

Left Area Losses 0.00 MW 104.8 MW 100.0 MW

Right Area Losses 4.34 MW

100 MW Scheduled Transfer from Left to Right

43

Seven Bus Case One-line

Transfer 1.05 pu 1 also 60 MW overloads line in Top 40 MW
-60 MW 1.04 pu 2 40 MW 20 MVR -5 MW 1.04 pu 6 52 MW 200 MW Left Area Cost 0 MVR 5943 $/MWH AGC ON -50 MW 5 MW 167 MW AGC ON 52 MW -50 MW 5 MW 1.04 pu 7 200 MW 0 MVR 104 MW AGC ON 45 MW -44 MW 3 106 MW -39 MW AGC ON -27 MW 4 110 MW 40 MVR -35 MW 97 MW AGC ON -24 MW 1.01 pu 130 MW 40 MVR 27 MW 0.99 pu 80 MW 30 MVR 1.00 pu

Case Hourly Cost 16654 $/MWH 36 MW 106 MW

106%
Top Area Cost
8069 $/MWH

-102 MW 5 -4 MW

Right Area Cost

2642 $/MWH

300 MW

44

Transmission Service

FERC Order No. 888 requires utilities provide

non-discriminatory open transmission access through tariffs of general applicability. FERC Order No. 889 requires transmission providers set up OASIS (Open Access SameTime Information System) to show available transmission.

45

Transmission Service

If areas (or pools) are not directly interconnected,

they must first obtain a contiguous contract path. This is NOT a physical requirement. Utilities on the contract path are compensated for wheeling the power.

46

Eastern Interconnect Example

NSP WPS CORNWALL NEPOOL NYPP DPC SMP MGE DECO ONT HYDR

WEP WPL IPW PENELEC MEC NI TE OE CEI MPW OPPD CILCO DLCO NIPS AEP PECO PJM500 JCP&L PP&L PSE&G CONS

IESC CWLP

IP

METED AE DPL IPL AP BG&E

CIPS STJO KACY MIPU HE IMPA

CIN

PEPCO

DPL

OVEC

VP SIGE EMO INDN SIPC KU LGE EEI ASEC BREC

KACP

EKPC

DOE EMDE GRRD SPRM

YADKIN CPLW

DUKE

CPLE

KAMO SWPA HARTWELL

Arrows indicate the basecase flow between areas

SEPA-JST

PSOK SCE&G SOUTHERN SCPSA

ENTR

SEPA-RBR

AEC SWEP

47

Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs)

PTDFs are used to show how a particular

transaction will affect the system. Power transfers through the system according to the impedances of the lines, without respect to ownership. All transmission players in network could be impacted, to a greater or lesser extent.

48

PTDFs for Transfer from Wisconsin Electric to TVA

NSP WPS CORNWALL

19%
NYPP DPC

10%

SMP

54%
MGE

55%
DECO

ONT HYDR

8%
WPL IPW

10%

WEP CONS

7%

7%
MEC

22%
8%

55%
NI TE

PENELEC

PP&L

7%
NPPD OPPD

8%
MPW

CILCO

8%

16%
IP

39%
NIPS

7%

CEI

OE DLCO PJM500

13%

AEP METED

PECO

LES IESC

6%

CWLP

9%

7%

DPL IPL

6%

6% 5%
AP PEPCO

BG&E

CIPS STJO MIDW KACY MIPU HE IMPA

CIN

OVEC

11%
WERE

9%
VP SIGE EMO INDN SIPC KU LGE BREC EKPC

8%

KACP

9%

ASEC

13%

EEI

19%
6%
DOE

7%
CPLW

8%
YADKIN

EMDE OMPA GRRD SPRM

10%

11%
WEFA KAMO SWPA

DUKE

7%

CPLE

11% 25% 20%

HARTWELL

SEPA-JST

Piecharts indicate percentage of transfer that will flow between specified areas

OKGE PSOK SCE&G SOUTHERN SCPSA

6%
ENTR SEPA-RBR

49

PTDF for Transfer from WE to TVA

NSP WPS

19%
DPC

10%

SMP

54%
MGE

55%
DECO

8%
WPL IPW

10%

WEP CONS

7%

7%
MEC

22%
8%

55%
NI TE

7%
OPPD

MPW

8%

CILCO

8%

16%
IP

39%
NIPS

7%

13%

100% of transfer leaves Wisconsin Electric (WE)

6%

IESC CWLP

9%

7%

DPL IPL

CIPS STJO MIPU

CIN

50

PTDFs for Transfer from WE to TVA

SIGE BREC SIPC KU LGE EEI EKPC

6%
DOE

19%
7%
CPLW

8%
YADKIN

10%
DUKE

About 100% of transfer arrives at TVA But flow does NOT follow contract path

T VA

11% 25%
SOUTHERN

HARTWELL

20%

SEPA-JST

SCE&G SCPSA

SEPA-RBR

51

Contingencies

Contingencies are the unexpected loss of a

significant device, such as a transmission line or a generator. No power system can survive a large number of contingencies. First contingency refers to loss of any one device. Contingencies can have major impact on Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs).

52

Available Transfer Capability

Determines the amount of transmission capability

available to transfer power from point A to point B without causing any overloads in basecase and first contingencies. Depends upon assumed system loading, transmission configuration and existing transactions.

53

Reactive Power

Reactive power is supplied by

generators capacitors transmission lines loads

Reactive power is consumed by

loads transmission lines and transformers (very high losses

54

Reactive Power

Reactive power doesnt travel well - must be

supplied locally. Reactive must also satisfy Kirchhoffs law - total reactive power into a bus MUST be zero.

55

Reactive Power Example

Bus 2
359 MW 179 MVR -152 MW 37 MVR 154 MW -24 MVR

Bus 1
1.00 pu

104%
1.00 pu

104%

343 MW -49 MVR 150 MW AGC ON 234 MVR AVR ON -57 MW 18 MVR 58 MW -16 MVR 89 MW -24 MVR -87 MW 29 MVR 1.00 pu 179 MW 90 MVR 150 MW AGC ON 102 MVR AVR ON 100 MW

Note reactive line losses are about 13 Mvar

Bus 3

Reactive power must also sum to zero at each bus

56

Voltage Magnitude

Power systems must supply electric power within

a narrow voltage range, typically with 5% of a nominal value. For example, wall outlet should supply 120 volts, with an acceptable range from 114 to 126 volts. Voltage regulation is a vital part of system operations.

57

Reactive Power and Voltage

Reactive power and voltage magnitude are tightly

coupled. Greater reactive demand decreases the bus voltage, while reactive generation increases the bus voltage.

58

Voltage Regulation

A number of different types of devices participate

in system voltage regulation

generators: reactive power output is automatically

changed to keep terminal voltage within range. capacitors: switched either manually or automatically to keep the voltage within a range. Load-tap-changing (LTC) transformers: vary their offnominal tap ratio to keep a voltage within a specified range.

59

Five Bus Reactive Power Example

1.00 pu 200 MW 100 MVR 1.000 pu 100 MW 143 MW 5 MVR 405 MW 96 MVR AGC ON AVR ON -40 MW 24 MVR 12 MVR 61 MW -2 MVR 100 MW

Bus 4

0.982 pu 3 L 0.995 pu 100 MW 0 MVR

LTC Transformer is controlling load voltage

100 MW 10 MVR

Bus 3

-60 MW 5 MVR 0.994 pu 100 MW

Bus 5

79 MVR

50 MVR

Voltage magnitude is controlled by capacitor

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Voltage Control

Voltage control is necessary to keep system

voltages within an acceptable range. Because reactive power does not travel well, it would be difficult for it to be supplied by a third party. It is very difficult to assign reactive power and voltage control to particular transactions.

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Conclusion

Talk has provided brief overview of how power

grid operates. Educational Version of PowerWorld Simulator, capable of solving systems with up to 12 buses, can be downloaded for free at
www.powerworld.com

60,000 bus commercial version is also available.