Interaction with water is a primary factor in determining the structure that is formed

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Principle edit MasterGroup 3 style Click to 3 subtitle

What is Water?
Water is the predominant component of living organisms.
v

chemical

Water has a very simple atomic structure withtwo hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom.
v

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What is Water?

The H2O molecule is electrically neutral, with the hydrogen side has a slight positive charge and the other side of the molecule with a negative charge.

But the positive and negative charges are not distributed uniformly. This makes the extra atom of hydrogen always available to "stick" to another element in order to balance its energy.

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Water is called a polar molecule because it has a positive side and a negative side, called a dipole moment. Water is a dipole, a molecule with electrical charge distributed asymmetrically about its structure.

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Haspolarnature

unequal sharing of its electrons between oxygen and hydrogen in which the former has larger electronegativity than the latter, resulting in a bent structure.

Positive and negative charges attract each other, so that the oxygen and hydrogen atoms form hydrogen bonds.
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Properties of Water in Biochemical Sense

The chemical properties of water, make this fluid the primary energizer of all functions in the body
Water

manufactureshydroelectric energyat the cell membranes all over the body, particularly in the neurotransmitter system. also and initially breaks down all elements to their primary constituents for absorption into the system for further use

It

for example,proteins to amino 5/11/12 starch to acids, sugar, and fats to fatty acids.

Properties of Water in Biochemical Sense

Water transfers its hydrolytic energy to the elements that the body can use. is also the adhesive that bonds cells membranes.It plays an all-encompassing role in energy metabolism and the physiologic functions of the body.
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Water

Biomedical Importance

Its physical properties derive from waters dipolar structure and exceptional capacity for forming hydrogen bonds. The manner in which water interacts with a solvated biomolecule influences the structure of each.

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Electrostatic Interactions

shape biomolecular structure salt bridges between oppositely charged groups within biomolecules often facilitate the binding of ions to proteins and nucleic acids

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Covalent and Non-Covalent Bond

Covalent bond: strongest force Non-Covalent bond: lesser magnitude of force

Van der Waals Forces

attractions between transient dipoles generated by the rapid movement of electrons on all neutral atoms

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Multiple Forces Stabilize Biomolecules

Example: DNA double helix

Covalent

strand) bases)

bonds (each individual DNA bonds (between nucleotide

Hydrogen Van

der Waals (between purine and pyrimidine bases)

Charged phosphate groups and polar ribose sugars are presented to water Hydrophobic nucleotide bases are buried 5/11/12

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Hydrogen bonds

form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonds to a strongly electronegative atom like nitrogen,oxygen paradoxically strong enough to provide structural stability but weak enough to

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Example: DNA

the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs are in the middle of the double helix

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Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions

Hydrophobic
Nonpolar The

molecules in aqueous solution which exclude water molecules hydrophobic effect can be used to separate mixtures of proteins based on their hydrophobicity. with polar groups
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Hydrophilic
Possible Can

form ionic bonds with water

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions

Affect protein shape Because of the polar or nonpolar nature of the constituent amino acid building blocks, as well as in carbohydrate and lipid constituents of microorganisms, molecules can assume shapes and orientations that depend on the intracellular/extracellular environment.

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Aggregation of Nonpolar Molecules in Water

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Concreteedit Master subtitle style Click to example

Formation of a micelle from the sodium salt of a long-chain carboxylic acid. The nonpolar hydrocarbon tails of the acid arrange themselves to avoid contact with water.

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Lipid Bilayer of the Cells

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Figure 1 : Schematic representation of the various ways that water molecules are implicated in protein 5/11/12 structure and stability.

The degree of hydration of nucleic acids also plays a key role in their conformation. For example high water activity favors the B form of DNA and reduced water activity (or increased ionic strenght) leads to a transition from the B form to the C and A forms 5/11/12 and if sequence permits to the D and Z-DNA forms.