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Contents
I. II. III. Before and After An act of war? International Human Rights vs. Humanitarian Law IV. Historical Perspective V. Consequences
I. II. Landmines Genocide, War Crimes, Crime Against Humanity
VI. Personal Experiences - Cambodia VII. Roles of Humanitarian Organizations and Public Health Professional
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Dignity
What is dignity? Webster defines dignity as the quality or state of being worthy, honored, or esteemed Violation of personal dignity has immediate and long term health consequences, although we dont know how to measure it. Even though it is difficult to define and measure, one thing is certain as stated by the late Jonathan Mann we know when our dignity is violated.
Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed -- Former U.S. President, Dwight D. Eisenhower, in a speech on April 16, 1953
An Act of War?
1928 - Kellog-Briand (Pact of Paris) Pact renounced war as a national policy ratified by 62 nations, entered into force in 1929 In 1945, the United Nations Charter banned the first use of force which put an end to the declaration of war Act of Aggression is the modern term
Weapons of War
Conventional weapons (restrictions) Biological weapons (banned) Chemical weapons (banned) Landmines (banned) Nuclear weapons (? non-proliferation treaty) New technological weapons such as blinding laser, smart mine, depleted uranium (?)
Since WWII
160 wars and armed conflicts 30 million deaths 90 million people injured 50 armed conflicts currently around the world
Consequences
Direct assaults on civilians Ethnic cleansing, Genocide and other war crimes Indiscriminate weapons & tactics (landmines, cluster bomb) Violation of medical neutrality Destruction of country infrastructures including market, school, civil service, medical facilities Destruction of historical and cultural buildings and monuments Diversion of resources from health and other human development programs
Civilian Casualties
(Garfield, War and Public Health, UNICEF)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
90 75 67
14
WWI
WWII
1980's
1990's
Children
2 million killed between 1985 to 1995 4-5 million handicapped or disabled 12 million homeless 1 million orphaned 10 million are psychologically traumatized UNICEF
Women
Direct casualty increases due to change in war strategy since WWII Psychological and economic impact Maternal and child health due to destruction of health care systems Refugees - women and children make up 80% Rape and sexual exploitation Prostitution AIDS and STDs Landmines
Refugees
20 million currently under UNHCR care 80% are women and children Crude death rate can be as high as 30 times the baseline rates in their country of origin Most deaths were caused by preventable conditions (diarrhea, measles, respiratory infection, exacerbated by hunger and malnutrition)
China
Safe water for 140 million of the 200 million people without safe water for one year
Basic education to all the 15 million girls out of school Immunized all the 120,000 unimmunized children and provided safe water for three years to the 3.5 million people without safe water
India
South Korea
Nigeria
Immunized all 2 million unimmunized; family planning services to 17 million of the more than 20 million couples without such services
Safe water for two years for all 55 million people, family planning to 20 million couples, and essential medicine to 13 million without access to healthcare, and basic education to 12 million children out of primary school
Pakistan
Landmines
110 million landmines buried world wide, 250 millions stockpiled 70 countries are affected Cost as little as $3 to plant, but as much as $1000 to remove one 800 people are killed each month Most victims are civilians Male between 16-35 made up a majority of the victims Increasingly, more women and children are falling victims
Use responsibly? Military usefulness? (one-third of 58,000 U.S. troops killed in Vietnam fell victims to landmine, and 40% of the 153,000 wounded)
Roads
Water source Food shortage, quality of life Schools Home Education, community activities Shelter, security
Forest
Genocide
(UN Convention 1948) Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial(social) or religious group, as such:
killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Rwanda, 1994
500,000 were killed, mostly Tutsis Role of the local Media in inciting the killings
Genocide (others)
Turkey - 1915-23 - 1.5 million Armenian Christians were killed Former Soviet Union - 1918-21; 1930-38 100-200,000 Jews, 5 million Ukrainians, 14-15 million Soviet peasants; 3 million enemies of the people were killed Indonesia & East Timor - 1965-66, 1972, 1999 - 500,000 were killed in Indonesia; 200-300,000 in East Timor
Genocide (others)
Burundi - 1972 - 100-200,000 Hutus were killed Sudan - 1983-present - ethnic and religious groups - 2 million killed, 4-5 million displaced
War Crimes
(Nuremberg Charter 1945) Violations of the laws or customs of war,including murder, ill-treatment, or deportation of civilians in occupied territory; murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war; killing of hostages; plunder of public or private property; wanton destruction of municipalities; and devastation not militarily necessary
Extrajudicial Execution
Due process rights
(Geneva Convention 1949)
Be told of crime being accused of Presumed innocent Impartial trial Present a defense Not required to testify against oneself
Torture
Khmer Rouges torture victims at Tuol Sleng High School, Cambodia
12,500 were tortured and killed Including 2000 children (Document Center of Cambodia)
Rape
WWII - 100,000 to 200,000 Asian women and girls were abducted by Japanese soldiers 9-month war for independence in Bangladesh in 1971- 250,000 to 400,00 women and girls were raped leading to 25,000 pregnancies In the early 80s in Uganda, a health worker reported that 70% of the women in her community were raped, some were gang raped Bosnia - 10,000 to 60,000 women and girls were systematically raped as part of the war strategy (first time rape is viewed in the framework of war crimes)
1972 Born in Chambok, Takeo Province, Cambodia 1975 The Khmer Rouges ousted the US-backed Lon Nols government and took control of Cambodia 1975-1979 Killing Fields
Forced labor, Murder, disease, starvation, malnutrition
1981 Immigrated to US 1997 Returned to Cambodia for the first time after 16 years
1950
1960
1970
Year Zero
1980
1990
Cambodia Population: Pre-1975 approximately 8 Million By 1979 - approximately 1/3 were killed, starved or died from diseases or malnutrition
Consequences
US Bombing (19691973)
US, under Nixon and Kissinger approval, dropped 540,000 tons of bombs in Cambodia between 1969-1973 Directly affected civilian population (150,000-500,000 Cambodian civilians death) Unexploded Ordinances
Landmines Burden
4-6 Million (Cambodian Mine Action Center) 40,000 amputees 61% of mine victims went into debt to pay for their medical treatment.
Without landmines agricultural production could more than double in both Afghanistan and Cambodia The vast majority of casualties are men, often soldiers 87% in Cambodia
Survey of 993 Cambodian adults in a Thai Refugee Camp: Mollica and Colleagues (1998)
85% - lacked food, water, shelter, medical care, experienced brainwashing, forced labor 54% - witnessed the murder of family member of friend 36% - experienced torture 18% - experienced head injury 18% - experienced rape or sexual abuse
First they came for the Communists, and I didnt speak up, because I wasnt a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didnt speak up, because I wasnt a Jew. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didnt speak up, because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me, and by that time there was no one left to speak up for me. Rev. Martin Niemoller 1945
More Info
www.globalissues.org www.wagingpeace.org www.icbl.org www.amnesty.org www.hrw.org www.un.org www.unhcr.org www.who.org Aun Lor (Alor@cdc.gov)