A Level Physics

Work, Energy & Power

Huurun Ain Ab Ghani Wadi Sofia International School

Objectives
Work Principle conservation energy Kinetic energy Potential energy Internal Energy Power

Work
Work done by a force: Product force & distance moved in direction of force W=Fxs Factors 1) Size force, F ( F, W) 2) Distance, s ( s, W)

Doing work => transferring energy Energy is transferred by doing work Work done = energy transferred SI unit for work & energy: joule (J) W = F x s = newton x metre = joule 1 joule (J) = 1 newton metre (N m) joule = amount energy transferred when force of 1 newton moves a distance of 1 metre in direction of force Momentum-vector quantity Energy-scalar quantity

 Force F & distance s moved in direction of force -> vector quantities Suppose force F move through a distance s at angle to F
F cos I I I F Direction of motion distance travelled, x

Work done = (F cos ) x s = F s cos work done by a force depends angle between force & distance it moves

Gravitational Potential Energy, g.p.e

-Lift an object -> do work -Provide upward force (F) to overcome downward force of gravity on object (W=mg) -Force (F) moves object upward -Force (F) doing work -Energy transferred to object -Object gains energy => g.p.e (EP/PE)

F (force required to lift an object)

W=mg (downward force on weight)

W = F = mg Change g.p.e depend on height, h Change g.p.e = weight x change height EP/PE= (mg) x h EP/PE= mgh

 m = mass object g = acceleration free fall/ gravitational field strength on earths surface From equation, force need to lift an object equal to its weight, mg Work done by force = force x distance moved = weight x change in height

Kinetic Energy, k.e

-Force accelerate an object -Work is done by force -Energy is transferred to object -Object gain kinetic energy, k.e (Ek/KE) -Faster object moving, greater the kinetic energy -An object of mass m travelling at speed v; Kinetic energy, k.e = x mass x speed2 Ek/KE = mv2

Deriving formulae k.e

An object accelerated from rest (u=0) to velocity v To give it acceleration a, it is pushed by force F for distance s v2 = u2 + 2as u = 0, v2 = 2as Multiply both sides by m, mv2 = mas mv2 = Fs mv2 = work done by force F Energy transferred to object is kinetic energy, k.e

g.p.e k.e transformation

g.p.e influences by height k.e influences by speed/acceleration When object fall, it speed up g.p.e , k.e Energy transferred from g.p.e to k.e Some energy lost If no energy lost, g.p.e = k.e

Note Potential energy, PE energy stored due to position Object has g.p.e when it raised through distance h, EP/PE = mg h Kinetic energy, KE energy due to motion Moving object possessing k.e, EK/KE = mv2

Energy Transfer
Machine device that serves to transfer energy from 1 system to another The useful energy output will be less than energy input due to energy lost Efficiency of device/system = useful output energy x 100% total input energy
Ein E(useful)out

E(unwanted)out

Internal Energy
Sum of random potential & kinetic energy of all molecules in a body

Principle Conservation Energy

Energy can not be created or destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another Energy coming in number of forms (chemical, electrical, kinetic, heat, light, sound etc.), but total energy remain constants
Heat, Light, Sound, Kinetic Energy Energy Transfer

Chemical Energy

Power
Rate of work done Power = energy transferred / time taken Power = work done / time taken P=W/t unit: watt (W) watt = rate of working of 1 joule per second 1 watt = 1 joule per second 1 W = 1 J s-1

Moving Power / Motive Power If force being moved at steady rate / force moving with constant velocity v in direction of force; Work done = force x distance Power = rate of doing work = work done / time taken = force x distance time = force x velocity P =Fxv