Single-rate systems: Sampling rates at the input and at the output and all internal nodes are the

same Multirate systems: DSP systems with unequal sampling rates at various parts of the system
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Digital Audio : Three different sampling

rates are employed Broadcasting : 32 KHz Digital Compact Disc : 44.1 KHz Digital Audio Tape : 48 KHz

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 The process of converting a signal from a given rate to a different rate is called sampling rate conversion.
Systems that employ multiple sampling rates in the processing of digital signals are called multirate digital signal processing systems.

Analog signal is sampled every TS secs. Ts is referred to as the sampling interval. fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or sampling frequency.

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According to the theorem, the sampling rate must be at least 2 times the highest frequency contained in the signal.
fs >= 2 * fmax

The minimum required sampling rate fs >= 2 * fmax is called Nyquist rate.

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when the sampling rate is lower than the Nyquist rate, the reconstruction is not possible as the solution is not unique.
Aliasing frequencies

f s kfm ax

f s kfm ax

Where k is a positive or negative integer

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Down sampling : by a factor of M is achieved by discarding M-1 samples for every M samples. x[
x(n) M y(m)

n]

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fs

fs/M

n mM , x(n) if y(m) else. 0

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Decimation is the process of decreasing the sampling rate by a factor of M i.e. from Fs to Fs / M
fc : f /(2M)
s

x(n)

H(z)
fs

y(m)
fsM=fs/M

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Upsampling by a factor L inserting L-1 zeros between two samples

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fs

Lfs

n mL, x(m) if y(n) else. 0

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Interploation is the Process of increasing the sampling rate of the signal by a factor of L i.e. from F s to LFs
fC : fs/2

x(m)
fs
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H(z)
Lfs

y(n)

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Transferring Data from C.D to audio tape 44.1K 48K Transferring Data from Recording Studio to C.D 192K 44.1K

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Over Sampling
Process of sampling a signal with a sampling frequency significantly higher than twice the bandwidth
Advantages: Anti-aliasing filter has less complexity High resolution

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Band Pass Sampling

It is the process of digitization and direct down conversion of band limited signal located apart from that to base band location

It takes the advantages of aliasing

It reduces the speed requirements of ADC and hence reduces the amount of digital memory necessary

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Noble Identities

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Noble Identities

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Cascade Equivalences
To implement a fractional change in the sampling rate we need to employ a cascade of an up-sampler and a downsampler Consider the two cascade connections shown below
x[n] x[n]
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M L

L M

y1 [ n]

y2 [ n]

Cascade Equivalences A cascade of a factor-of-M downsampler and a factor-of-L up-sampler is interchangeable with no change in the input-output relation:
if and only if M and L are relatively prime, i.e., M and L do not have any common factor that is an integer k > 1
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Polyphase Decomposition Polyphase decomposition is the decomposition of a sequence x(n) into sub-sequences x(nMN+i)
[ 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]
[ 0,3,6,9] [ 1,4,7,10] [ 2,5,8,11]
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x0 ( n )

M=3

x1 ( n ) x2 (n )

Polyphase Decomposition

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Filters in Multirate Systems The importance of filtering arises from the fact that the sampling theorem should be respected for all the sampling rates of the system at hand.
Filters are required to bandlimit the spectrum of the signal to the prescribed bandwidth in accordance with the actual sampling rate. Jasmin-Infotech Pvt Ltd

FIR Structures

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FIR Structures

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FIR Structures

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IIR Structures

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IIR Structures

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FIR Decimators

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FIR Decimators

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FIR Interpolators

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FIR Interpolators

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Polyphase Structures for FIR Decimator

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Polyphase Structures for FIR Interpolator

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IIR Decimator

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IIR Interpolator

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Two Channel Filter Banks

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Quadrature Mirror Filter Banks

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KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING