Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Course Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:-
AGENDA
What is 3G?
3G Standards and capabilities UMTS Network Architecture Channel types and Radio Resource Management
What is 3G Mobile?
The IMT-2000 third generation mobile standard enables mobile users to harness the full power of the Internet through efficient high-speed radio transmission, optimized for multimedia communications.
Evolution towards 3G
3G Capabilities
High-speed data transmissions Symmetrical and asymmetrical data transmission support Improved voice quality Greater capacity
3G Applications
Wireless
Internet
Global systems for mobile communication (GSM) High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD) General packet radio services (GPRS) Third generation (3G) mobile Enhanced data GSM environment (EDGE) Public access WLAN Linked public access WLANs
3G Subscribers
Why 3G?
Limitations of 2G:Voice centric Designed mainly for telephony application Circuit-switched High BER (Bit Error Rate) Low data bit rate (< 14.4kbps) Too many standards globally GSM, CDMA, PDC, PHS etc. Isolated networks MAP based IS-41 based Difficult to roam between these networks
The lower subscriber numbers are a testimonial to the fact that private players should be allotted spectrum at the earliest - after all, government is losing money by delaying 3G auction and the ones who have been allotted spectrum arent able to market/position it to consumers All said and done, government owned companies need serious (and aggressive) competition from private players otherwise, expect a suboptimal and mediocre 3G story.
Why delayed?
3G services were delayed because of the spectrum issues, licensing issues and auction process. There is still not enough clarity on the policy front and there are lot of questions to be answered. Will price-sensitive Indian consumers shift in large enough numbers to a 3G system? While there's no doubt the market is low-value with each customer yielding just Rs 400 a month to the mobile phone companies (after deducting the licensing revenue share), around 5 to 10 per cent of customers pay monthly bills of more than Rs 1,000 per month.
Standards of 3G
The 3G standard was created by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is called IMT-2000. The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G systems to provide global roaming. As a result, what we have been left with is five different standards grouped together under the IMT-2000 label: W-CDMA
CDMA2000
TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA
DECT
UWC-136
The UMTS network includes not only the air interface of an UMTS network but also the fixed network part with its connection to the core networks (packet and circuit switched) .All main elements of an UMTS network and the connection to the external networks are shown in figure-1
1) UE (User Equipment) The UE consists of two parts :The mobile equipment (ME) is the radio terminal used for radio communication over the Uu interface The UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) is the equivalent smartcard to the SIM in GSM. It holds the subscriber identity, performs authentication algorithms, stores authentication and encryption keys, etc.
3) CN (Core network) HLR The Home Location Register is a database located in the users home system that stores the master copy of the users service profile. MSC/VLR The Mobile Services Switching Center and Visitor Location Register are the switch (MSC) and database (VLR) serving the UE in its current location for circuit switched services. GMSC The Gateway MSC (GMSC) is the MSC at the point where the UMTS PLMN is connected to external circuit switched networks. SGSN The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) is the counterpart of the MSC/VLR for the packet switched part of the network.
GGSN The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is the counterpart of the GMSC in the packet switched domain. 4) External networks:The UMTS network is connected to two kinds of external networks: Circuit switched Examples for CS networks are: Existing telephone service, ISDN, PSTN
Packet switched Best example today for a packet switched network is the Internet
5) Interfaces It is important to know, that all external UMTS interfaces are open interfaces. This means that theoretically equipment of different vendors can be mixed if it fulfills the standards.
Cu interface The Cu interface is a standard interface for smartcards. In the UE it is the connection between the USIM and the UE. Uu interface The Uu interface is the WCDMA radio interface within UMTS. It is the interface through which the UE accesses the fixed part of the network. This interface is the most important one to understand for RNP issues.
Iu interface The Iu interface connects the UTRAN to the core network and is split in two parts. The Iu-CS is the interface between the RNC and the circuit switched part of the core network.The Iu-PS is the interface between the RNC and the packet switched part of the core network. Iur interface This RNC-RNC interface was initially designed in order to provide inter RNC soft HO, but more features were added during the development. Four distinct functions are provided now: 1.Basic inter-RNC mobility 2.Dedicated channel traffic 3.Common channel traffic 4.Global resource management
Iub interface The Iub interface connects the Node B and the RNC. Contrarily to GSM, this interface is fully open in UMTS and thus more competition is expected.
6) Logical roles of the RNC CRNC For each Node B the RNC to which the Node B is connected is the Controlling RNC (CRNC).
SRNC & DRNC The Serving RNC (SRNC) for a certain connection is the RNC providing the Iu connection to the core network. When the UE is in inter-RNC soft HO, more than one Iub and at least one Iur connection is established. Only one of the RNCs (the SRNC) is providing the Iu interface to the core network, all other ones are just routing information between Iub and Iur interface. These RNCs are called Drift RNC (DRNC). Figure 2 illustrates the logical role of SRNC and DRNC.
Standards and used frequency spectrum The ITU-R has produced high-level documents covering the performance, service type, and inter- working requirements for IMT-2000. Various international standards bodies such as the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) are responsible for the detailed technical specifications of the equipment required to provide an IMT-2000 compatible service. A number of different standards are likely to emerge; but they are expected to have sufficient inter-working capability to allow an integrated IMT-2000 service for subscribers. IMT-2000 networks will support five interface standards: IMT-DSUMTS Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) IMT-MCUS CDMA 2000 standard IMT-TCUMTS Time Division Duplex (TDD) IMT-SCGSM EDGE (IS-136) standard IMT-FTDECT standard
For this part, the following band is reserved:UL:-1920 1980 MHz DL:-2110 2170 MHz As the UMTS carrier spacing is 5 MHz, the available bandwidth for the FDD part provides 12 different channels. Depending on the country these 12 available licenses are given to different operators. An operator gets typically 2 or 3 licenses for paired (UL and DL) frequency bands. This small amount of frequencies is due to the frequency reuse of 1 applied within a UMTS system. The nominal channel spacing is 5 MHz, but this can be adjusted to optimize performance in a particular deployment scenario. The channel raster is 200kHz, which means that the center frequency must be an integer multiple of 200 kHz. The carrier frequency is designated by the UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN).
Mobile classes:For the terrestrial UTRAN system, the following mobile power classes are defined. They define the maximum output power of the UE
Layer 3 is partitioned into sub-layers where the lowest sublayer, denoted as Radio Resource Control (RRC), interfaces with layer 2 and terminates in the UTRAN. The next sub-layer provides 'Duplication avoidance' functionality. The higher layer signaling such as Mobility Management (MM) and Call Control (CC) follows a protocol architecture, which is similar to the current ITU-R protocol architecture, ITU-R M.1035.
Transport channels
Transport channels are used as interface between Layer 1 and Layer 2 of the radio network architecture. They are divided into Common transport channels Dedicated transport channels Coded Composite Traffic Channels (all except DCH) (only DCH) (CCTrCH)
The CCTrCH is used to multiplex several transport channels into one new transport channel. This CCTrCH is than mapped to one or several physical channels depending on the required bit rate. A CCTrCH must fulfil the following criteria:
A maximum of 5 transport channels can be multiplexed to one CCTrCH Only transport channels with the same active set can be mapped to one CCTrCH Different CCTrCHs can not be mapped onto the same physical channel Dedicated and common transport channels can not be multiplexed into the same CCTrCH For the common transport channels, only the FACH and PCH may belong to the same CCTrCH.
There are hence two types of CCTrCH:CCTrCH of dedicated type, corresponding to the result of coding and multiplexing of one or several DCHs. CCTrCH of common type, corresponding to the result of the coding and multiplexing of a common channel, RACH in the uplink, DSCH ,BCH, or FACH/PCH for the downlink. The reason for using CCTrCHs is to provide a more efficient usage of resources. Due to multiplexing of several channels into one channel and splitting of this new channel into pieces with the right size for fitting into a physical channel, the physical channel are used more efficient.
CPCH-Common Packet Channel The Common Packet Channel (CPCH) is an uplink transport channel and is a extension to the RACH. The CPCH is associated with a downlink DPCCH with special slot format (for fast power control commands transmission and CPCH signaling). Before transmission on CPCH starts, the FACH in downlink is used to provide power control and CPCH control commands. In the physical layer the main differences from the RACH are the use of fast power control (inner loop power control), a physical layer based collision detection mechanism and a CPCH status monitoring procedure.
FACH- Forward Access Channel The Forward Access Channel (FACH) is a downlink transport channel. The first FACH is transmitted over the entire cell with low data rate. Additional FACHs in the cell can be transmitted over only a part of the cell (e.g. beam forming antennas) using higher data rates.The FACH is not allowed to use fast PC (inner loop PC). It can be used to transmit packet data to the UE.
DSCH- Downlink Shared Channel The Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) is a transport channel intended to carry dedicated user data and/or control information; it can be shared by several users. In many aspects it is similar to the FACH, but DSCH supports the fast power control as well as variable bit rate open a frame-by-frame basis. The DSCH can be transmitted only over a part of the cell. It can employ the different transmit diversity modes used by the associated downlink DCH. The DSCH is always associated with a downlink DCH.
BCH- Broadcast Channel The Broadcast Channel (BCH) is a downlink transport channel that is used to broadcast system- and cell-specific information. The BCH is always transmitted over the entire cell and has a single transport format. The broadcast channel carries information like random access codes and access slots in the cell, or types of used transmit diversity. As it is mandatory to receive the BCH transport channel to register to the corresponding cell, the BCH must be transmitted with relatively high power.
DCH- Dedicated Channel The Dedicated Channel is a downlink or uplink transport channel. The DCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part of the cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas. The contents of the DCH transport channel are not visible to the physical layer, thus the DCH can carry user data and control information as well. The UTRAN will set the physical layer parameters depending on DCH carrying control or user data. The DCH supports Fast power control Fast data rate change on a frame-by-frame basis Soft HO
Logical channels Logical channels are used as interface between Layer 2 and Layer 3 of the radio network architecture. BCCH- Broadcast Control Channel (DL) System control information is broadcasted on the BCCH
PCCH- Paging Control Channel (DL) Paging information is broadcasted on the PCH channel.
CCCH-Common Control Channel (DL & UL) A bi-directional channel for transmitting control information between the network and UEs.The logical CCCH channel is always mapped onto RACH/FACH transport channels.
DCCH- Dedicated Control Channel (DL&UL) The DCCH is a bi-directional channel, that transmits dedicated control information between UE and UTRAN. The DCCH is established during RRC connection establishment procedure.
Logical Traffic channels:DTCH- Dedicated Traffic Channel (DL&UL) The DTCH carries user data. It can exist in UL & DL. CTCH- Common Traffic Channel (UL) A common downlink traffic channel to transfer dedicated user information to all or a group of UEs.
The physical channels In this the physical channels will be explained. They are separated into UL and DL channels The physical channels in Uplink:PRACH- Physical Random Access Channel The PRACH is used to carry the RACH transport channel. PCPCH- Physical Common Packet Channel The PCPCH is used to carry the CPCH transport channel.
DPCH (DPCCH/DPDCH) - Dedicated Physical Channel The DPCH is a summary of the two physical channels DPDCH and DPCCH. The DPCCH carries user dedicated control information and the DPDCH carries user dedicated data.
This special DPCCH is always associated with a CPCH for PC and signaling of the CPCH.
CPICH (P-CPICH & S-CPICH) -Common Pilot Channel The CPICH consists of two sub-channels, the primary CPICH (P-CPICH) and the secondary CPICH (S-CPICH). PCCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel It is used to carry the BCH transport channel.
SCCPCH- Secondary Common Control Physical Channel It is used to carry to FACH and PCH.
SCH- Synchronization channel The SCH is needed for the cell search of the mobile and consists of a Primary SCH and a Secondary SCH, which are sent in parallel. They are time multiplexed with the PCCPCH. PDSCH- Physical Downlink Shared channel The PDSCH is used to carry the DSCH. A certain code for channelization is given to the PDSCH for one frame. During this frame all slots are allocated to one UE. The UE can change every frame. Different UEs can be code multiplexed, using codes from the same OVSF root during one frame. A UE knows when it has to decode the PDSCH by the DPCH which is necessarily associated with a PDSCH connection of each UE
AICH - Acquisition Indication Channel: The AICH is used to sent an acknowledgement to the UE after correct reception of the RACH. The AICH is not visible to higher layers, thus directly controlled by the physical layer. It has a spreading factor of 256 and consists of 15 repeated consecutive access slots of 5120 chips duration (20 ms frame). 4096 chips are used by the AICH and for the other 1024 chips the transmission is either off, or they are used by the CSICH or other possible future physical channels.
PICH- Page Indication Channel The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the paging indicators. The PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped. Once a PI message has been detected on the PICH, the UE decodes the next PCH frame transmitted on the SCCPCH whether there is a paging message intended for it.
These physical channels have been specified for the CPCH access procedure. They carry no transport channels, but only information needed in the CPCH access procedure.
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Multiple Access Techniques In a mobile radio system, the radio channel has to be accessed by a great number of users. A multiple access method has to be used in order to avoid interference in the receiver. The current principles are
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
The data signals are modulated with user specific carrier signals. The orthogonality1 of the multiple access carrier signals represents the prerequisite for correctly detecting the data of all users. FDMA uses bandpass carrier signals which are non-overlapping in the frequency domain and therefore orthogonal at any time. TDMA impulse carrier signals are non-overlapping in the time domain and orthogonal at sampling time. CDMA signature waveforms are generated from orthogonal code sequences (e.g. Walsh sequences) or from quasi-orthogonal pseudo-noise (PN) sequences (e.g. Gold Sequences). By modulating the data with the user specific CDMA carrier signals, the original signal is spread over the whole available frequency band.
Orthogonality of two functions g(t) and s(t) is given in the case, that their cross-correlation function is equal to zero
In narrow band transmission, when the receiver experiences a deep fade, signal quality is severely degraded High BER However in wide band systems because of uncorrelated fading of the spectral components deep fades affects only a portion of the spectrum Better signal quality Low BER Better robustness to fading
The differentiation between broadband and narrow band signals can also be made in the time domain. If the delay spread of a signal is that big, that the received multipath signals of the next transmitted symbol interfere with the previous symbol, the channel is called a narrow band channel.
Despreading
CODES USED
Codes used
The spreading of the data signal onto physical channels is done in two steps: 1.Channelization
2.Scrambling
As demodulation is the reciprocal of modulation, only the modulation is explained in more detail here. The UTRA system uses QPSK modulation. This means, that one transmitted symbol consists of two bits, one is transmitted with 0 phase shift (I branch, or real part) and the other one with 90 phase shift (Q branch or imaginary part).
Uplink part
Downlink part
Power Control in UMTS FDD Find detailed information on power control in [25.214]. Summary in [WFI] or [INTRO]. This chapter is in accordance with [SysDesign]. This chapter is divided into 3 parts:General Power Control Uplink PC Downlink PC
HANDOVER TYPES
HANDOVER
. . Cell 1 Cell 2
Handover is a process by which the control/communication of a Mobile is transferred from one cell to another
2) Soft handover
Soft HO means, that the mobile receives the same signal from more than one Node B and its transmitted signal is processed by more than one Node B. 3)Softer handover . A softer HO is a soft HO between cells of the same Node B, thus sectors of the same site. As this is not improving the multipath conditions as much as soft HO does, the diversity gain is smaller.
3) Power control in soft(e r) handover In SHO, the UE has established more than one radio link. This requires special power control functionality to identify the correct power control command. 3.1) Downlink PC in SHO This is leading to the reception of more than one Power Control command in downlink (one from each Node B in the active set). If at least one of the Node Bs in the active set is sending a power down command, the UE will reduce its output power. It is enough, if one of the Node Bs is received correctly.
1B
1C
1D
1E 1F
According to a study by industry association Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and telecom consulting firm BDA, 3G revenues in India will reach $15.8 billion or 46% of the total wireless revenue, by 2013. The 3G subscriber base is expected to reach 90 million in five years, accounting for 12% of the total telecom subscriber base of 746 million
Issues related to 3G
Applications
Mobile TV
Video on demand
Video conferencing Tele-medicine Location-based services
Evolution of 3G
Cellular mobile telecommunications networks are being upgraded to use 3G technologies from 1999 to 2010. Japan was the first country to introduce 3G nationally, and in Japan the transition to 3G was largely completed in 2006. Korea then adopted 3G Networks and the transition was made as early as 2004.
Wi FI
WI MAX
Blue Tooth
Conclusion
Its a new technology but has vast unexploited market and revenue base. 3G - Anywhere Anytime Connectivity. Challenges makes everything perfect!!!
THANK YOU!!.........