Unit II---Input/Output

Prepared by
Mr.S.Bhaggiaraj AP/IT,SREC.

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Basics
Java IO operations are complex to understand but more powerful. These are the platform independent. These are stream based. Streams are flow of characters or bytes. An I/O Stream represents an input source or an output destination

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Streams are the "fundamental element" of the java.io package A stream can represent many different kinds of sources and destinations disk files, devices, other programs, a network socket, and memory arrays

You cannot use them directly They define i/o in terms of bytes

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Streams support many different kinds of data simple bytes, primitive data types, localized characters, and objects Some streams simply pass on data; others manipulate and transform the data in useful ways

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No matter how they work internally, all streams present the same simple model to programs that use them A stream is a sequence of data Types:

InputStream OutputStream Byte Stream Character stream

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InputStream

The sources from where data are read The sink to which the data are written. Deals the unicode characters (binary form) Deals the character oriented text.
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OutputStream

Byte Stream

Character stream

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Byte Stream
InputStream OutputStream

Character Stream Writer

Reader

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java.io
InputStream (abstact class)
ByteArrayInputStream

OutputStream (abstact class)

ByteArrayOutputStream

Reader (abstact class)

BufferedReader

Writer (abstact class)

BufferedWriter

FileInputStream

FileOutputStream

InputStreamReader

OutputStreamWriter

ObjectInputStream

ObjectOutputStream

StringReader

StringWriter

PipedInputStream

PipedOutputStream

CharArrayReader

CharArrayWriter

FilterInputStream

FilterOutputStream

PipedReader

PipedWriter

BufferedInputStream

BufferedOutputStream

FilterReader FileReader

FilterWriter FileWriter

DataInputStream
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DataOutputStream

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InputStream Methods
Method
abstract int read( ) int read(byte b[ ] ) int available( ) void close( )

Purpose
Reads one byte and returns an int representation of that byte. Reads into an array of bytes b and returns the number of bytes read. Returns number of bytes available for reading Closes the input stream

void mark( int marklen) Puts a mark at the current position and remembers it until marklen bytes are read.
void reset( ) long skip(long n) The read control is reset to the previous set mark. Subsequent read( ) will reread these bytes. Skips n bytes of the input stream and returns the actual number of bytes skipped

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OutputStream Methods
Method Purpose

abstract void write( int b) Writes a single byte b to an output stream

void write( byte b [ ])

void flush( ) void close( )

Writes an array of byte b to an output stream

Flushes the output buffer, that is sends any buffered byte to its destination Closes the output stream

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Reader Methods
Method
void close( ) int read( ) int read( char c[ ] ) boolean ready( )

Purpose
Close the input reader. Returns an integer value equivalent to next available character. Read character into an array c [ ]. Returns true if next input request will not wait, otherwise false

void mark( int c)

void reset( ) long skip(long n)

Makes a mark at the current position and remembers it intil c are read.
Resets the input pointer to the previously mark position. Skips n characters and returns the actual number of characters skipped

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Writer Methods
Method
void write( int b)

Purpose
Writes a single character to the stream

void write( char c [ ])

void flush( ) void write( String s) void close( )

Writes an array of character to output stream

Flushes the output buffer Writes a string to the output stream. Closes the output stream

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BufferedReader.
It is a subclass of Reader. It can not directly access any source. Methods can be used to read characters, store them in buffer and send the buffer to destination. Constructor in the class:

BufferedReader( Reader r) BufferedReader( Reader r, int size)

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BufferedReader.

BufferedReader(Reader r)

Creates a buffering character input stream using a default buffer for underlying reader stream r. Creates a buffering character input stream using a buffer size of size.

BufferedReader ( Reader r, int size)

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BufferedReader.
Inherits the methods from Reader. Additional method defined in this class is readLine(). It reads characters from an underlying character stream. It returns string.

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BufferedWriter.
It is subclass of Writer. Inherits method from writer class. Methods can be used to write characters, sending them for each write. Additional method is newLine( ) It generate the newline(\n).

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Constructors in the class are:

BufferedWriter(Writer out)

Creates a buffered character output stream using a default buffer size. Creates a buffered character output stream using a buffer size of size.

BefferedWriter( Writer out,int size)

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Example storing address of person in a file.

// person.java import java.io.*; public class person { public static void main( String s[ ]) { boolean more=true; String name,addr1,addr2,addr3,pin,state; String choice; File fou= new File(addrperson.dat); try { BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader( System.in));

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DataOutputStream dous= new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream (new FileOutputStream(fou))); do { System.out.print( ur name,addr1,addr2,pin and state one by one:); name=br.readLine(); addr1=br.readLine(); addr2=br.readLine(); pin=br.readLine(); state=br.readLine();

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dous.WriteBytes(name); dous.WriteBytes(addr1); dous.WriteBytes(addr2); dous.WriteBytes(pin); dous.WriteBytes(state); System.out.println( to continue press y otherwise press n); choice =br.readLine( ); if( choice.equals(n) || choice.equals(N)) more=false; }while(more);

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dous.close( ); } catch(FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println(\n File not found); } catch(IOException e) { System.out.println(\n I / O problem); } }// end of main } // end of the class

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From the Example..

File to know the details of file. BufferedReaderto read character stream InputStreamReaderto covert byte to character stream DataOutputStreamto convert basic types to bytes and pass to o/p stream. BufferedOutputStreamto send buffered bytes to o/p stream. FileOutputStreamto write bytes into disk file.
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Examle 2:
import java.io.*; public class OutputExample{ public static void main(String args[]){ if(ars.length == 0){ System.out.println("String argument needed."); System.exit(1); } String word = args[0]; try{ BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter( new FileWriter("output.txt")); Creates new file. If it exits it will be deleted and a new file is created
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Example 2:
for(int i = 0; i < word.length(); i++){ ans += word.substring(i); bw.write(ans); bw.newLine(); ans = ""; } bw.close(); }catch(Exception e){} } //main } //class

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Example 3:
import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class InputExample{ public static void main(String args[]){ StringTokenizer st; try{ BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader( new FileReader("input1.txt")); String line = br.readLine(); double avg = 0.0; int num = 0, count = 0; while(line != null){ st = new StringTokenizer(line);

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Example 3:
for(int i = 0; i < st.countTokens(); i++){ avg += Double.parseDouble(st.nextToken()); count++; } line = br.readLine(); } br.close(); avg = avg/count; System.out.println("Avg: " + avg); }catch(Exception e){} } //main } //class

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StringTokenizer
Breaks up the string into tokens. It implements the enumeration interface. The input string contains the delimiter. The delimiters are characters that separate the tokens. The nextToken() method is used to extract the consecutive tokens.

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Unit II---Thread

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Multitasking
More than one task is processed. Utilize the CPU time more efffectively. Each task has its set of variable and separate memory location.

Task 1 Task 2 Task 3

CPU TIME

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Multithreading
A single task is sub divided into many sub task. Each sub task is carried out one after another. For example reading input, processing them, storing them, drawing them and etc. Idle time of CPU can be effectively used in multitasking.

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Comparison
Multitasking
Deals the N number of tasks
It has Same set of variable and separate memory location

Multithreading
Deals the n number of sub tasks.
It has same set of variable and memory location.

Scheduling is required to run the task

It is process based More overhead

Priority is set for each sub task.

It is thread based. Less Overhead

IPC is expensive & more Context IPC is inexpensive & less context switching switching

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ThreadDefinition.

Light weight process. Single sequential flow of control within a program. A semi-process with a definite starting point, an execution sequence and a terminating point. It maintains its own stack where it keeps the exception handlers, the scheduling priority and other details that the system might need to reactivate that thread.

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A thread is a real thing with a beginning, a sequence of operations that it will execute and an end. It has a beginning, a body, and an end, and executes commands sequentially. In fact all main programs in our earlier examples can be called single-threaded programs. Every program will have at least one thread

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Why threads?

Need to handle concurrent processes

For example
Certain sub tasks like reading an i/p stream, may have to keep waiting till a byte is read. In such occasions, the CPU will be idle without doing any work. That time can be utilized by some other sub task, say printing, storing and etc.

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Creating Thread

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Creating Thread

A java thread can be created in two different ways

By creating a Thread class: By converting a class to a thread

In the first way, define a class that extends Thread class and override its run () method with the code required by the thread. Regarding second way, define a class that implements Runnable interface. The runnable interface has only one method, run (), that is to be defined n the method with the code to be executed by the thread.
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EXTENDING THE THREAD CLASS

This involves following steps:

Declare the class as extending the Thread class Implement the run () method that is responsible for executing the sequence of code that the thread will execute. Create a thread object and call the start method to initiate the thread execution.

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Declaring the Class

class Mythread extends Thread { //statements } This is the syntax to extend the Thread class. Now we have a new type of thread Mythread.
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Implementing the run () method

The run () method has been inherited by the mythread.we have to override the run () method ,in order to implement the code to be executed by our thread.

public void run() { ..//Statement }

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Starting New Thread

This involves following steps:

First creates an object for the thread class by using new operator.

Mythread athread=new Mythread ();

Second calls the start () method causing the thread to move into the runnable state. Then the java runtime will schedule the thread to run by invoking its run () method. Now, the thread is said to be in the running state.

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import java.lang.Thread; class threadA extends Thread { public void run() { for(int i=1;i<=5;i++) { System.out.println("\nFrom Thread A:i="+i); } System.out.println("Exit from A"); } }

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class threadB extends Thread { public void run() { for(int j=1;j<=5;j++) { System.out.println("\nFrom Thread B:j="+j); } System.out.println("Exit from B"); }

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class threadC extends Thread { public void run() { for(int k=1;k<=5;k++) { System.out.println("\nFrom Thread C:k= "+k); } System.out.println("Exit from C"); } }

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public class Threadtest { public static void main(String g[]) { new threadA().start(); new threadB().start(); new threadC().start(); } }

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output
start thread A start thread B From Thread A:i=1 start thread c From Thread A:i=2 From Thread A:i=3 From Thread A:i=4 From Thread A:i=5 Exit form A From thread c:K=1 From Thread B:j=1 From Thread B:j=2 From Thread B:j=3 exit from C From thread c:K=2 exit from C From thread c:K=3 exit from C From thread c:K=4 exit from C From thread c:K=5 exit from C BUILD SUCCESSFUL (total time: 1 second) start thread A start thread B From Thread A:i=1 From Thread A:i=2 start thread c From Thread B:j=1 From Thread A:i=3 From Thread B:j=2 From Thread A:i=4 From Thread B:j=3 From Thread A:i=5 Exit form A From thread c:K=1 exit from C From thread c:K=2 exit from C From thread c:K=3 exit from C From thread c:K=4 exit from C From thread c:K=5 exit from C BUILD SUCCESSFUL (total time: 1 second)

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LIFE CYCLE OF A THREAD

A thread is always in one of the following five states. It can move from one state to another via a variety of ways

1. Newborn state 2. Runnable state 3. Running state 4. Blocked state 5. Dead state
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Transition diagram

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Newborn State
When we create a thread object, the thread is born and is said to be in newborn state. At this state, we can do only one of the following things with it.

Schedule it for running using start () method. Kill it using stop () method.

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Runnable State
In this state ,the thread is ready for execution and is waiting for the availability of the processor. That is the thread has joined the queue of threads that are waiting for execution. If all the threads have equal priority,then they are given time slots for execution in first come,first serve manner.

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Running State

Running means that the processor has given its time to the thread for its execution. There are certain situations in the running state .
1.

2. 3.

It has been suspended using suspend() method. It has been made to sleep. It has been told to wait until some event occurs

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A suspended thread can be revived by using the resume() method.

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We can put a thread to sleep for specified time period using sleep () method where time is milliseconds. The thread re-enters the runnable state as soon as this time period is elapsed
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This is done using the wait () method. The thread can be scheduled to run again using the notify () method.

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STOPPING A THREAD
By using stop () method ,we can stop the thread from the running. Objectname.stop(); This statement causes the thread to move to the dead state. Automatically move to dead state when it reaches the end of its method.

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BLOCKING A THREAD
Temporarily suspended or blocked from entering into the runnable subsequently running state by using either of the following thread methods.

Sleep () //blocked for a specified time Suspend () //blocked until further orders Wait() //blocked until certain condition occurs

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Dead State
Every thread has a lifecycle. If run () method has completed executing, then thread has been gone. Or if run () method has aborted due to occurrence of any exception and then thread has been gone. It is natural death.

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Controlling thread
The yield(),sleep() methods. static void yield()

Causes the running thread to yield to other runnable thread Makes the thread to sleep for ms time.

static void sleep(long ms)

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THREAD PRIORITY
Each thread is assigned a priority Affects the order in which it is scheduled for running. same priority are given equal treatment by the java scheduler and, therefore, they share the processor on a FIFO basis. The priority is an integer between 1 and 10

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MIN_PRIORITY = 1 NORM_PRIORITY = 5 MAX_PRIORITY = 10

setPriority method: This method is called on a Thread object with an int between 1 and 10 as the only input parameter.

ThreadName.setPriority ( int number);

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getPriority method :

returns the priority of the thread, referenced by the Thread object, as an int.

Example class Sumthread implements Runnable { int i,sum=0; public void run() { for(i=1;i<=5;i++) {
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sum+=i; System.out.println(\n Sum of the numbers from 1 upto +i+=+sum); } }

} class Factthread implements Runnable { int i,n,fact=1;

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public void run() { for(i=1;i<=5;i++) { fact*=i; System.out.println(\n Factorial of +i+=+fact); } }

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class Threadpriority { public static void main(String a[]) { Sumthread st=new Sumthread(); Factthread ft=new Factthread(); Thread sumt=new Thread(st, Sum thread); Thread factt=new Thread(ft, Factorial thread);

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sumt.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY-2); factt.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY+2); System.out.println(The created Thread is +sumt.getName()); System.out.println(The created Thread is +Factt.getName()); System.out.println(Priority value of +sumt.getName + is+ sumt.getPrority()); System.out.println(Priority value of +factt.getName+ is +factt.getPrority());

sumt.start(); Factt.start(); } }
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Output
The created Thread is Sum thread The created Thread is Factorial thread Priority value of Sum thread is=3 Priority value of Factorial thread is=7 Factorial of 1=1 Factorial of 2=2 Factorial of 3=6 Factorial of 4=24 Factorial of 5=120

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Output
Sum of the numbers from 1 upto 1=1 Sum of the numbers from 1 upto 2=3 Sum of the numbers from 1 upto 3=6 Sum of the numbers from 1 upto 4=10 Sum of the numbers from 1 upto 5=15

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Synchronized Methods

The general form of synchronization methods Synchronized void update () { //code }

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Synchronized Methods
Java creates a monitor and hands it over to the thread that calls the method first time. As long as the thread holds the monitor, no other thread can enter the synchronized section of code. A monitor is like a key and the thread that holds the key can only open the lock.

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Synchronized Methods
It will handover the monitor to the next thread when it is completed. Dead Lock Assume that the methods1 until it gets hold of method2. Because these are mutually exclusive conditions, a deadlock occurs (two or more threads are waiting to control of resource).

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Synchronized Methods
Thread A Synchronized method2() { synchronized method1() { .. } } Thread B Synchronized method1() { synchronized method2() { .. } }

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Testing the skills.

Reader is a..
a) b) c)

Abstract class Character oriented class Both

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Testing the skills

A thread is a.
a) b) c)

d)

Heavy weight process. More overhead It has different set of variable and memory location. Less context switching

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Testing the skills

The stop() is used to kill the thread.

a) b)

True False

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Testing the skills

The readLine() and newLine() are derived member

a) b)

True False

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Testing the skills

Regarding a thread which one is right?

a)

b)
c)

d)

Start() is used to run the suspended thread. Kill() is used to terminate the thread. Normal priority is a average of any two thread priority. Less context switching

1. 2. 3. 4.

a only a and b c and d d only

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Testing the skills

Java creates a monitor and hands it over to the thread that calls the method first time.
a) b)

True. False.

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Testing the skills

How do you set the priority?.

ThreadName.setPriority ( int number); setPriority ( int number); setPriority = number; ThreadName.setPriority= number;

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