Standards and Applications of SDH

Why SONET/SDH? SONET/SDH solution SDH format SDH mapping/multiplexing SDH pointer application

Why SONET/SDH
SONET/SDHs goal
simplify interconnection between network operators expand the compatibility

Imperfection of PDH
Three different regional digital hierarchies Rate & Format conversion induces extra high cost to customers

Demanding broadband services

To the high speed signals, the processing time for performing conversion between PDH region is not long enough

SONET/SDH solution
Modularity
51.84 155.52 622.08 OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 STM-1 STM-4 155.52 622.08 2488.32 9953.28 Speed Unit (Mbps)

2488.32
9953.28

OC-48
OC-192

STM-16
STM-64

SONET/SDH solution
Fixed percentage overhead
DS1 1.544Mbps 28 OC-1 51.84Mbps 3 OC-3 155.52Mbps 4 OC-12 622.08Mbps

Mux
OH

Mux

Mux

Overhead insertion for PDH signals

Voice 64Kbps
24

Mux
OH1

DS1 1.544Mbps
4

Mux
OH2

DS2 6.312Mbps
7

Mux
OH3

DS3 44.736Mbps

SONET/SDH benefits
Reduce costs
simplified standard interfaces eliminate vendor proprietary interfaces

Integrated network elements

enhanced operations capabilities

Survivability
grants upgradability (modularity)

No bandwidth bottlenecks

SDH & PDH

PDH and SDH containers
Digital Hierarchy Level
0
1

Rate (Mbps) North American

0.064
1.544 6.312 44.736 274.176

Japan
0.064
1.544 6.312 32.064 95.728 -

Europe
0.064
2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264 -

ISDN
H11 H12 H31 H32 H4 -

SDH Designated Signal

C-11 C-12 C-2 C-3 C-3 C-4 -

SDH End-to-End Connection

SDH PDH Regenerators section REG REG PDH

PTE
STM-1

MSTE
STM-N STM-N Multiplex section Path

MSTE
STM-N STM-1

PTE

SDH Format
STM-1 frame
1 2 1 9 10 11 270

RSOH
4

AU-n pointers

MSOH
9

P O H

STM-1 PAYLOAD

C-4
AU-4 VC-4
125s

Location of SDH overhead bytes

RSOH (Regenerator section overhead)
1 1
A1

2
A1

3
A1

4
A2

5
A2

6
A2

7
J0 Trace

Framing bytes

National use

B1 BIP-8 D1 Data com Media depend. byte

E1 Orderwire D2 Data com

R MDB Res. R MDB Res.

F1 User D3 Data com National use R Reserved R

Media depend. byte

Location of SDH overhead bytes

MSOH (Multiplex section overhead)
5
B2 B2 B2 K1 R R K2 R R

BIP-24

APS
R Reserved R Reserved R Reserved Z1 Growth Z1 R R R D5 Data com D8 Data com D11 Data com Z2 Growth

Reserved
R Reserved R Reserved R Reserved Z2 M1 FEBE R R R

APS
D6 Data com D9 Data com D12 Data com E2 Orderwire

Reserved
R Reserved R Reserved R Reserved R R R

D4 Data com D7 Data com D10 Data com S1 SSM

National use

VC-3/VC-4 Path Overhead

1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1byte
J1 Path trace B3 BIP-8 C2 Signal label G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 Path status User Multi. frame PUC Growth NOB

270

Regenerator SOH
AU-n pointers

Multiplex SOH

125s

VC-1/VC-2 Path Overhead

VC-1/VC-2 POH
V5
125s

Bit No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 J2 N2 J1 N1

Assignments BIP-2 FEBE RFI L1 L2 Signal Label L3 RDI B3 G1 C2 G1

J2
250s

N2
375s

K4
500s

K4: under study

STM-1 Mapping Structure

STM-N N AUG 3 AU-3 VC-3 7 4 TU-11 VC-11 TUG-2 3 TU-12 VC-12 TU-2 VC-2 3 TUG-3 AU-4 VC-4

TU-3 VC-3

C-11 1.544 Mbps

C-12 2.048 Mbps

C-3 44.736 Mbps 6.312 Mbps 34.368 Mbps

C-2

C-4 139.264 Mbps

STM-1 Pointers Locations

AU-4 pointer
A1 H1 Y Y H2 I I H3 H3 H3 VC-4

(E-4 mapping)

AU-3 pointer
A1 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

3 VC-3s

(DS3 mapping)

STM-1 Pointers Locations

TU-3 pointer
A1 AU-4 pointer P O H VC-4 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 (E-3 mapping)

TU-2/TU-1 pointer
A1 AU-4 pointer P H V1 VC-4 or VC-3

(DS1/E1/DS2 mapping) V2 V3 V4

O (VC-2s, VC-12s or VC-11s)

Pointers Organization
(H1, H2) pointer
H1 N N N N S S I
N: New Data Flag (NDF) S: Size bit

H2 D I D I D I D I D

H3

I: Increment bit D: Decrement bit

Negative justification opportunity

(TU-1/TU-2) pointer
V1 N N N N S S I
TU size 0 0 TU-2 1 0 TU-12 1 1 TU-11

V2 D I D I D I D I D

V3

V4

Pointer action

For future study

Frequency Justification
positive frequency justification
1 STM-1 Frame No.1 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000011) 1 Frame No. 2 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000011) 1 Frame No. 3 4 I-bits inverted (H1, H2)= 9 (0110101010101001) 1 Frame No. 4 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000100) H3 H3 H3 Start of VC-4 (3 3 3) J1

H3 H3 H3

(3 3 3) J1 X at time ts

H3 H3 H3 3 stuffed bytes

(4 4 4) J1

H3 H3 H3

(4 4 4) J1

Frequency Justification
negative frequency justification
1 STM-1 Frame No.1 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000011) 1 Frame No. 2 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000011) 1 Frame No. 3 4 D-bits inverted (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100101010110) 1 Frame No. 4 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000010) H3 H3 H3 Start of VC-4 (3 3 3) J1

H3 H3 H3

(3 3 3) J1 X at time ts

(2 2 2) J1

H3 H3 H3

(2 2 2) J1