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• A beam is a
horizontal structural
member used to
support loads
• Beams are used to
support the roof and
floors in buildings
1
Introduction to Beams
• Common shapes are
I Angle Channel
Web Flanges
Flanges
3
Introduction to Beams
• Beams are supported in structures via
different configurations
6
Beam Theory
• An area has a centroid, which is similar to a center of
gravity of a solid body.
• The centroid of a symmetric cross section can be easily
found by inspection. X and Y axes intersect at the
centroid of a symmetric cross section, as shown on the
rectangular cross section.
Y - Axis
h/2
X - Axis
h/2
b/2 b/2 7
Beam Theory
• An important variable in beam design is the moment of
inertia of the cross section, denoted by I.
• Inertia is a measure of a body’s ability to resist rotation.
• Moment of inertia is a measure of the stiffness of the
beam with respect to the cross section and the ability of
the beam to resist bending.
• As I increases, bending and deflection will decrease.
• Units are (LENGTH)4, e.g. in4, ft4, cm4
8
Beam Theory
• I can be derived for any common area using calculus.
However, moment of inertia equations for common cross
sections (e.g., rectangular, circular, triangular) are readily
available in math and engineering textbooks.
• For a rectangular cross section,
X-axis (passing
through centroid)
bh3
Ix = h
12
b
9
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the moment of inertia about the X-
axis for a yardstick that is 1” high and ¼” thick.
Y-Axis
bh3
Ix =
12
( 0.25in)(1.00in)
h = 1.00” X-Axis 3
Ix =
12
I x = 0.02083in 4
b = 0.25”
10
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the moment of inertia about the Y-
axis for a yardstick that is 1” high and ¼” thick.
bh3
X-Axis
Iy =
12
(1.00in)( 0.25in)
Y-Axis h = 0.25” 3
Iy =
12
b = 1.00”
I y = 0.00130in4
11
Beam Theory
• Suppose a concentrated load, P, is
applied to the center of the simply
supported beam.
12
Beam Theory
• The beam will bend downward as a result
of the load P.
13
Beam Theory
• The deflection (Δ) is the vertical
displacement of the of the beam as a
result of the load P.
Deflection, Δ
14
Beam Theory
• The deflection (Δ) of a simply supported, center loaded
beam can be calculated from the following formula:
3
PL
Δ =
48EI
where, P
P = concentrated load (lbs.)
L = span length of beam (in.)
E = modulus of elasticity
(lbs./in.2)
I = moment of inertia of axis L
perpendicular to load P (in.4)
15
Beam Theory
• Modulus of elasticity, E, is a property that indicates the
stiffness and rigidity of the beam material. For example,
steel has a much larger modulus of elasticity than wood.
Values of E for many materials are readily available in
tables in textbooks. Some common values are
16
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the deflection in the steel beam
supporting a 500 lb load shown below.
P = 500 lb
h = 2”
b = 3”
L = 36”
PL 3
bh3
Δ = I =
48EI 12 17
Beam Theory
• Step 1: Calculate the moment of inertia, I.
bh3
I =
12
I =
( 3 in)( 2 in) 3
12
I = 2 in4
18
Beam Theory
• Step 2: Calculate the deflection, Δ.
PL3
Δ =
48EI
Δ =
( 500lb)( 36in) 3
6 lb
(
48 30 x 10 2 2 in4
in
)
Δ =
( 500lb) ( 46656in3 )
6 lb
(
48 30 x 10 2 2 in4
in
)
Δ = 0.0081in 19
Beam Theory
• These calculations are very simple for a solid, symmetric
cross section.
• Now consider slightly more complex symmetric cross
sections, e.g. hollow box beams. Calculating the
moment of inertia takes a little more effort.
• Consider a hollow box beam as shown below:
0.25 in.
6 in.
20
4 in.
Beam Theory
• The same equation for moment of inertia, I = bh3/12, can
be used.
• Treat the outer dimensions as a positive area and the
inner dimensions as a negative area, as the centroids of
both are about the same X-axis.
X-axis
ho = 6 in.
X-axis hi = 5.5 in.
bi = 3.5 in.
bo = 4 in.
22
Beam Theory
ho = 6 in.
X-axis hi = 5.5 in.
bi = 3.5 in.
bo = 4 in.
3 3
b h bh
Ipos = o o Ineg = i i
12 12
Ipos =
( 4 in)( 6 in) 3 Ineg =
( 3.5in)( 5.5in) 3
12 12 23
Beam Theory
• Simply subtract Ineg from Ipos to calculate the moment of
inertia of the box beam, Ibox
Ibox =
( 4 in)( 6 in) 3 − ( 3.5in)( 5.5in) 3
12 12
4 in.
Ibox =
( 4 in) ( 216in3 ) − ( 3.5in) (166.4in3 )
12 12
25
Beam Theory
• Identify the positive and negative areas…
26
Beam Theory
• …and calculate the moment of inertia similar to the box
beam (note the negative area dimensions and that it is
multiplied by 2).
ho
hi
bo bi bi
3 3
b h 2 bi hi
I I −beam = o o −
12 12
27
Beam Theory
• The moment of inertia of an H-beam can be calculated in
a similar manner…
28
Beam Theory
• The moment of inertia of an H-beam can be calculated in
a similar manner…
29
Beam Theory
• …however, the H-beam is divided into three positive
areas.
h1 h2 h1
b2
b1 b1
3 3 3
b1 h1 b2 h2 b1 h1
IH-beam = + +
12 12 12
3 3
2b1 h1 b2 h2
IH-beam = + 30
12 12
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the deflection in the I-beam shown
below. The I-beam is composed of three ½” x 4” steel
plates welded together.
P = 5000 lbf
31
Beam Theory
• First, calculate the moment of inertia for an I-beam as
previously shown, i.e. divide the cross section of the
beam into positive and negative areas.
ho = 5 in. hi = 4 in.
bi = bi
bo = 4 in.
3 3
b h 2 bi hi
I I −beam = o o −
12 12
32
Beam Theory
• First, calculate the moment of inertia for an I-beam as
previously shown, i.e. divide the cross section of the
beam into positive and negative areas.
ho = 5 in. hi = 4 in.
bi =1.75in bi
bo = 4 in.
I I −beam =
( 4in) ( 5in) 3 − 2 (1.75in) ( 4in) 3
12 12
P = 5000 lbf
L = 8 ft
3
PL
Δ =
48EI 34
Beam Theory
• Calculate the deflection, Δ.
PL3
Δ =
48EI
Δ =
( 5000lb)( 96in) 3
(
6 lbf
48 30 x 10 2 23 in4
in
)
Δ =
( 5000lb) ( 884736in3 )
6 lb
(
48 30 x 10 2 23 in4
in
)
Δ = 0.134in 35
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the volume and mass of the beam if
the density of steel is 490 lbm/ft3.
36
Beam Theory
• Volume = (Area) x (Length)
V = AL
V = 3( 0.5in)( 4in)( 8ft)
( )
V = 3 2.0in2 ( 96in)
V = 576in3
37
Beam Theory
• Convert to cubic feet…
3
1ft
V = 576in 3
12in
1ft
3
V = 576in
3
3
1728in
V = 0.333ft3
38
Beam Theory
• Calculate mass of the beam
• Mass = Density x Volume
m= ρV
lbm
(
m = 490 3 0.333ft3
ft
)
m= 163.3lbm
39
Materials
• Basswood can be purchased from hobby or craft
stores. Hobby Lobby carries many common
sizes of basswood. DO NOT purchase balsa
wood.
• 1201 teams must submit a receipt for the
basswood.
• The piece of basswood in the Discovery Box
WILL NOT be used for Project 2.
• Clamps and glue are provided in the Discovery
Box. Use only the glue provided.
40
Assembly
• I-beams and H-beams: Begin by
marking the flanges along the
center where the web will be
glued.
• Box beams: No marking is
necessary.
43