Oleh:

Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT

Jurusan Teknik Geologi Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian dan Energi Universitas TRISAKTI
2012

LECTURE MATERIALS
1. INTRODUCTION (1X)
a. Definition b. Geophysical Methods and their main applications c. Level of Petroleum Investigation

2. REFLECTION SEISMIC (5X)

a. b. c. d. e. Fundamental of Seismic Reflection Method Acquisition Processing Interpretation Exercise

1. GRAVITY (3X)
a. Introduction and general application of gravity data

b. Paradigm Shift in Gravity data utilization

c. Gravity and Petroleum System d. Time-Lapse Microgravity Technology for Reservoir Monitoring

2. MAGNETIC (1X)
a. General Application of Magnetic Data

LECTURE MATERIALS
1. INTRODUCTION (1X)
a. Definition b. Geophysical Methods and their main applications c. Level of Petroleum Investigation

2. REFLECTION SEISMIC (5X)

a. b. c. d. e. Fundamental of Seismic Reflection Method Acquisition Processing Interpretation Exercise

1. GRAVITY (3X)
a. b. c. d. Introduction and general application of gravity data Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas Exploration Paradigm Shift in Gravity data utilization Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas Reservoir Monitoring (Time lapse)

2. MAGNETIC (1X)
a. General Application of Magnetic Data

Resources Classification System

Play

Society of Petroleum Engineers et al., 2007

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

EXPLORATION

EXPLORATION PHASE

DELINEATION
DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION PHASE

Frequently used of geophysical methods for surface recording and typical application
Geophysical method
Seismology

Physical property measured

Seismic wave velocity, seismic impedance contrast, attenuation, anisotropy Rock density contrast

Typical applications

Comment on applicability
Exploration seismology is the most widely used geophysical method in petroleum exploration. Gravity survey are generally less expensive but have less resolving power than seismic exploration. Aeromagnetic surveys are widely used in both petroleum and mining application for determining large, deep structure. These methods are used most frequently in mining exploration and well logging (resistivity, SP, and induction log)

Delineation of stratigraphy and structures in petroleum exploration

Gravity Surveys

Reconnaissance of largescale density anomalies in petroleum and mineral exploration Reconnaissance of the crustal magnetic properties, especially for determination of basement features

Magnetic Surveys

Magnetic susceptibility or the rocks intrinsic magnetization

Electrical and electromagnetic surveys

Rock resistivity, capacitance, and inductance properties

Mineral exploration

(Lines and Newrick, 2004)

GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (1)
ISSUE

GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK Depth to magnetic basement Regional basin enhancements

INTEGRATED WITH Seismic data Regional geology

Source Rock Deposition Where were the source rocks deposited? How deep are the source rocks? Source Maturation Where are the cooking pots and fetch areas? What is the present-day heat influx into the basin and how much dose it vary? What is the thickness of the crust? What is the overburden?

Depth to magnetic basement Isostatic residual Sediment thickness Depth versus density modeling Regional structural modeling Curie point (regional heat flow) Delineation of volcanic Magnetic inversion Depth to magnetic basement Vertical fault identification Gradient analysis Regional depocenter and sediment path enhancement
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Seismic data Well data Density and Velocity data Heat-flow data

Hydrocarbon Migration How much relief is there on the basement? What are the shape of the cooking pots? Are major vertical conduits near surface areas? Are major lineations present and how do they relate with more recent geologic features?

Well and outcrop data Topography Remote sensing Seismic data Sequence stratigraphic analysis Seismicity

GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (2)
ISSUE Reservoir Prediction Where are the thickest sediment? Where are the highest sand probability? Where was the sources of sedimentation? What is the influence of tectonic on deposition? Have the sediment depocenters shifted over time? What is the compaction history of the sediments? Do the sands have lateral continuity and connectivity? Trap Where are the major structures? What is the structural grain? Are faults in the sedimentary section? Are lateral porosity changes present? GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK Depocenter and sediment path enhancement. Integrated basin modeling Density inversion Provenance (magnetic lithology) determination Sedimentary magnetic analysis Paleomagnetic analysis Integrated velocity analysis (2-D and 3-D) Residuals and enhancements 2-D/3-D structural/stratigraphic modeling Fault identification gradient analysis Structural inversion Density inversion
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INTEGRATED WITH Seismic data Lithology data (outcrop and well) Sequence stratigraphic analysis Biostratigraphic data

Seismic data Outcrop information Topography Remote sensing Seismicity

Development and Production Phases:

Problem statement

1. How we can build reservoir model accurately? 2. How we can monitor and image the dynamic properties of reservoir until field termination? 3. How we can optimize production? 4. How we can improve the Recovery Factor?

What reservoir properties do we want to predict? The critical reservoir characteristic

Static properties:
1. Fluid phase (oil and gas percent) 2. Areal extent of the trap 3. Depth 4. Thickness 5. Compartmentalization 6. Reservoir net to gross 7. Porosity

Dynamic properties:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Well deliverability Reservoir connectivity Permeability Pressure change Phase change Reservoir compaction

Multi-diciplin approach for reservoir model

Geomechanical Data Fluid Model Fluid Data Geomechanical Model Production Logging Data

Petrophysical Data

Petrophysical Model

Production Logging Model

Geochemical Data

Geochemical Model

RESERVOIR RESERVOIR MODEL MODEL

Tracer Model

Tracer Data

Geophysical Model Geological Model Geophysical Data Geological Data

Well test Model

Well test Data

Data Processing Algorithm

Physical Properties Extraction

Reservoir Monitoring Technology

Data Visualization

Integration of Dicipline
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Project phase
1) Exploration

Critical subsurface information

Technology Involvement

Proven Petroleum System and Play Resources information Total hydrocarbon volume Areal limits of petroleum reservoir Deliverability

Geophysics Geology Concept Drilling Geophysics Geology Concept Drilling Reservoir

2) Delineation

3) Development

Compartmentalization Exact locations of development wells

Geophysics Development Geology Drilling Reservoir

Production Reservoir Geophysics

4) Production

Hydrocarbon saturation and pressure changes Flow restrictions and channeling

Some aspects which drive gravity utilization

Improve Recovery Factor Hardware / Instrumentation Multi Dicipline Approach Efficient Time Lapse Technology for Reservoir Monitoring Problems in Geophysical Acquisition due to Geological conditions Social Problem

http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/4d4/what-is.html

http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/4d4/what-is.html

PLAY IDENTIFICATION

PROSPECT CAPTURE

PROSPECT EVALUATION

RESOURCES APPRAISAL

RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

TACTICS

Regional reconnaissance Petroleum system analysis

Prospect identification and risk assessment Lease and G&G acquisition Tectonostratigraphic framework Basin Modeling

Prospect Risk reduction Drill-site decision (less complex prospect)

Asset delineation and development Drill-site decision ( complex imaging)

Reservoir performance monitoring Enhance recovery

Play analysis
Establishing exploration focus and G&G expenditure

Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998

USE HIGHER RESOLUTION MAGNETIC DATA

PLAY IDENTIFICATION PROSPECT CAPTURE PROSPECT EVALUATION RESOURCES APPRAISAL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

MAGNETIC UTILIZATION

Regional depth to magnetic basement Regional tectonic analysis Euler deconvolution Curie point analysis 20 km spacing 5 8 km grid 1 5 nT Continental grids, older surveys

Detailed basement interpretation Detailed fault and lineament analysis Delineation of volcanics, salt, and shale

Detailed, integrated 2D/3D modelingfaulting, basement structure, volcanic, salt edges, and sediment timing Depth slicing and lineament analysis Sedimentary magnetic analysis 0.5 - 1 km spacing 0.1 0.5 nT High-resolution, lowaltitude surveys

Detailed 2D / 3D modeling inversion Integrated depth migration (preor postack) Magnetostartigraphy

None published

MAGNETIC RESOLUTION REQUIRED *

2 5 km spacing 1 - 2 km grid 0.5 2 nT Modern digital surveys, marine surveys, digitized older analog surveys

0.25 0.5 km spacing 0.1 0.5 nT High-resolution, low-altitude surveys Borehole magnetometer

* Typical required resolution; needs to be tailored to source depth and signal strength
Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998

THE PARADIGM SHIFT IN GRAVITY DATA UTILIZATION BY USING THE HIGHER RESOLUTION OF GRAVITY DATA
GRAVITY DATA GRAVITY UTILIZATION PLAY IDENTIFICATION Isostatic residual Regional tectonic analisis Basin and depocenter enhancement Regional modeling Digital data integration (with remote sensing, etc) PROSPECT CAPTURE Semiregional structural / stratiigraphic modeling Target-spesific enhancements Layer stripping for improved delineation of exploration targets Sensitivity studies tied to density and lithology 0.2 1 mGal 1 5 km wavelength Conventional marine and land surveys PROSPECT EVALUATION Detailed, integrated 2D / 3D modeling (with seismic horizons, density, and velocity information) Porosity / pressure prediction Salt edge / base determination Enhanced velocity analysis RESOURCES APPRAISAL Integrated 3D rock properties and velocity modeling Integrated depth migration (pre-or poststack) Borehole gravityremote porosity detection Detection of shallow hazards RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT Integrated reservoir characterization Borehole gravity

Time-lapse precision gravity , including for Carbon Storage Monitoring

0.02 0.1 mGal 1 5 years

GRAVITY RESOLUTION REQUIRED *

1 5 mGal 2 20 km wavelength Continental grids, satelite gravity, airborne gravity

0.1 0.5 mGal 0.5 2 km wavelength High-resolution land and marine surveys

Modified from Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998

0.1 0.5 mGal 0.2 1 km wavelength 0.01 0.005 mGal (borehole) High-resolution land, marine, and gradiometer surveys

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 Regional Study Leads and Prospect Generation Drillable Prospect Generation

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

Gravity, Magnetic, 2D Seismic 2D or 3D Seismic

2D or 3D Seismic
Borehole Seismic (Checkshot, VSP) 3D Seismic Reflection, Resistivity Time lapse Geophysics (4D Gravity, 4D Seismic)
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Drilling
Plan of Development Reservoir Monitoring