Forces & Vectors Lecture Outline

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Forces and Vectors

Forces Hookes Law Weight Contact Forces (normal, friction, tension) Apparent Weight Air Resistance (drag force) Fundamental Forces Vector components Vector addition
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The quantities in this column are based on an agreed upon standard.

4.1 Forces
Isaac Newton was the first to discover that the laws that govern motions on the Earth also applied to celestial bodies.

Over the next few chapters we will study how bodies interact with one another.

Simply, a force is a push or pull on an object.

How can a force be measured? One way is with a spring scale. By hanging masses on a spring we find that the spring stretchapplied force.

Fspring xstretched Fspring = kxstretched This is called Hooke' s Law

The units of force are Newtons (N).
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The force due to a spring is equal to the amount it is stretched times the spring constant for that particular spring. It should be noted here that the direction of the force is always in the opposite direction to the stretch.

The weight of the hanging mass is equal to the mass of the object itself times a gravitational factor g (g=9.8 m/s2)

W Fgravity = mg
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The net force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on a body.

Fnet = F = F1 + F2 + F3 +

Free Body Diagrams: Must be drawn for problems when forces are involved. Must be large so that they are readable. Draw an idealization of the body in question (a dot, a box, ). You will need one free body diagram for each body in the problem that will provide useful information for you to solve the given problem. Indicate only the forces acting on the body. Label the forces appropriately. Do not include the forces that this body exerts on any other body.
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Free Body Diagrams (continued): A coordinate system is a must. Do not include fictitious forces. Remember that ma is itself not a force! You may indicate the direction of the bodys acceleration or direction of motion if you wish, but it must be done well off to the side of the free body diagram.

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An object is in translational equilibrium if the net force on it is zero.

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If a = 0, then F = 0. This body can have:

Speed = 0 which is called static equilibrium, or Speed 0, but constant, which is called dynamic equilibrium.

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4.6 Contact Forces

Contact forces: these forces arise because of an interaction between the atoms in the surfaces in contact.

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Normal force: A surface needs to exert a force on an object in order to stay a solid surface.

In mathematics the definition of normal is the vector that is perpendicular to a surface.

The normal force is the force directed along the normal direction needed to keep a surface intact.

Normal force: this force acts in the direction perpendicular to the contact surface. N
Normal force of the ground on the box

Normal force of the ramp on the box

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Example: Consider a box on a table. FBD for box

y N x w

Apply Newtons 2nd law

So that N = w = mg

= N w=0

This just says the magnitude of the normal force equals the magnitude of the weight; they are not Newtons third law interaction partners.
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Friction: a contact force parallel to the contact surfaces.

Static friction acts to prevent objects from sliding. Kinetic friction acts to make sliding objects slow down.

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Kinetic friction: the friction experienced by surfaces sliding against one another The kinetic frictional force depends on the normal force:

f k = k FN
The constant is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.

The kinetic frictional force is also independent of the relative speed of the surfaces, and of their area of contact.

fk

FN Fg

2 FN 2 fk

2 Fg

The static frictional force keeps an object from starting to move when a force is applied. The static frictional force has a maximum value, but may take on any value from zero to the maximum, depending on what is needed to keep the sum of forces zero.

fk s

f s s FN

4.7 Tension
This is the force transmitted through a rope from one end to the other.

An ideal cord has zero mass, does not stretch, and the tension is the same throughout the cord.

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4.11 Air Resistance

A stone is dropped from the edge of a cliff; if air resistance cannot be ignored, the FBD for the stone is:
y

Fd
x

Apply Newtons Second Law

= Fd w = ma

Where Fd is the magnitude of the drag force on the stone. This force is directed opposite the objects velocity
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Force of fluid resistance depends on the area of drag and the velocity. Different fluids behave differently at different speeds, so we will only consider the simplest cases here.

f drag = bv

Where b is a factor of area and shape (different shapes have differing drag coefficients) and n depends on the properties of a fluid (usually 2 for air resistance and 1 for water or oil)

Like the other frictional forces the drag force always acts against the direction of motion.

2008 by W.H. Freeman and

Example: A paratrooper with a fully loaded pack has a mass of 120 kg. The force due to air resistance has a magnitude of Fd = bv2 where b = 0.14 N s2/m2.

(a) For what speed (v) is the wieght of the paratrooper balanced by the air drag?

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9.6 Archimedes Principle

y

F1

An FBD for an object floating submerged in a fluid. w F2

The total force on the block due to the fluid is called the buoyant force. FB = F2 F1

where F2 > F1

Archimedes Principle: A fluid exerts an upward buoyant force on a submerged object equal in magnitude to the weight of the volume of fluid displaced by the object.

FB = Fg , fluid = m fluid g = gV

m = Mass per volume or density of a fluid V The Density of water is 1000kg/m 3

Example (text problem 9.28): A flat-bottomed barge loaded with coal has a mass of 3.0 105 kg. The barge is 20.0 m long and 10.0 m wide. It floats in fresh water. What is the depth of the barge below the waterline?
y

FBD for the barge

FB
x

The weight of the barge is balanced by the buoyant force:

F = F

w=0

mw g = ( wVw ) g = mb g

FB = w

wVw = mb w ( Ad ) = mb
mb 3.0 105 kg d= = = 1.5 m 3 w A 1000 kg/m ( 20.0 m *10.0 m )

4.12 Fundamental Forces

Fundamental Interactions of Nature
1. The gravitational force
The only one of these we will be looking at in this course The weakest of the forces listed here Only noticeable when a very large mass is involved Acts over a long distance

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The electromagnetic interaction

Responsible for holding molecules together At least 1023 times stronger than gravity Will be discussed at length in 2nd semester of this class

1. 1.

The weak interaction

Responsible for some types of radioactive decay

The strong interaction

Holds the nucleus of an atom together.
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3.1 Graphical Addition and Subtraction of Vectors

A vector is a quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction. Position is an example of a vector quantity.

A scalar is a quantity with no direction. The mass of an object is an example of a scalar quantity.

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Notation:

Vector: F or F
The magnitude of a vector:

F or F or F .

The direction of vector might be 35 south of east; 20 above the +x-axis; or.

Scalar: m (not bold face; no arrow)

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3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction Using Components

Vectors may be moved any way you please (to place them tip to tail) provided that you do not change their length nor rotate them.

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The Components of a Vector

Understanding direction: North, South, East, & West are understood to be directions When graphing x & y are often separated like this (x,y) In physics the ^ hat symbol over any vector is used to signify in the direction of that vector and is called a unit vector Primarily we use in the y direction

x and y

to show in the x direction &

Unit vectors can be multiplied by any scalar quantity to show an amount along that direction.

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The Components of a Vector

y

The vector A can be writen as the sum of it' s components A = Ax x + Ay y Note that Ax & Ay are scalars and hence must be multiplied by unit vecto rs x & y to show direction

Ay

The length of the vector A

= A sin

A= A

Ax = A cos

x
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The Components of a Vector

y

= A sin

A
= A cos Ay

The length of the vector A

A= A

Ax

x
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The Components of a Vector

Signs of vector components:

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To add vectors graphically they must be placed tip to tail. The result (F1 + F2) points from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the second vector.
F2 R

F1

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Think of vector subtraction A B as A+( where the vector B), has the same magnitude as B but points in the opposite B direction.

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Adding and Subtracting Vectors

By

C B Ay

Bx

C y = Ay + B y

Ax

C x = Ax + Bx

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