First Aid

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Purpose
First Aid is a skilled application of accepted principles of treatment on the occurrence of an accident or in cases of sudden illness using facilities or materials available at the time. It is a emergency to save life of person when accident occur, therefore responsibility of first aider has become great. First Aid is treatment given to a casualty: To sustain life,

To prevent his condition for becoming worse,

To promote his recovery
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Responsibility of First Aid provider

in the management of a casualty

1. 2. 3.

To assess the situation. To arrive at a diagnosis for each causality. To give immediate and adequate treatment, bearing in mind that a casualty may have more than one injury and some casualties requires more urgent attention than others. To arrange without delay for the disposal of a casualty according to the seriousness of his condition.

4.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Assessment and Initial response

Be calm, take charge, Give confidence to the conscious casualty,

Talk to him, listen to him and reassure him

Check for -Safety of casualties and of yourself -Breathing, bleeding and consciousness Get others to help and tell them what they should do If necessary, send for ambulance, police, fire service.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Diagnosis for:
History: Signs: The story of how the accident happened or the illness began. Variation from normal, ascertained by the First Aider constituting
pallor; blueness of face, lips inner sides of eyelids, or of nail beds of finger and toes. There may be evidence of poisoning.

Symptoms: Sensation described by causality such as

I feel pain. I am cold. My arm is numb.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Diagnosis for:
Level of Consciousness Any change of level is important. Full consciousness. Able to speak and answer questions normally. Drowsiness. Easily roused, but lapses into unconsciousness. Stupor can be roused with difficulty; The casualty is aware of painful stimuli, Coma cannot be roused by any stimuli.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Action
If the cause of the condition is still active, remove it a log of wood on the casualtys leg contaminated clothing remove the casualty from the cause-traffic : water, poisonous fumes, etc.

Treatment
Give the treatment you consider essential. Sustain life. Emergency resuscitation Control bleeding and shock.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Action
Disposal
The First aider will ensure that the causality is conveyed without delay to his home, a suitable shelter or an appropriate hospital. In serious cases it may be necessary to summon a doctor. A brief written should accompany the casualty.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First Aider

The certificate awarded has a limited validity to three years thus ensuring that First Aider are1. 2. 3. Highly trained. Regularly examined. Kept up to date in knowledge and skill.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

CPR
CPR stand for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a combination of rescue breathing (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) and chest compressions; CPR can restore circulation of oxygen-rich blood to the brain. Without oxygen, permanent brain damage or death can occur in less than 8 minutes.

CPR may be necessary during different emergencies, including accidents, near-drowning, suffocation, poisoning, smoke inhalation & electrocution injuries.
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

When Is CPR Needed?

It should only be performed when a person isn't breathing or circulating blood adequately.

Whenever CPR is needed, remember to call for emergency medical assistance.

Three Parts of CPR The three basic parts of CPR are easily remembered as "ABC": A for airway, B for breathing, and C for circulation.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

When Is CPR Needed?

A is for airway. The victim's airway must be open for breathing to be restored. The airway may be blocked when a person loses consciousness or may be obstructed by food or some other foreign object. B is for breathing. Rescue breathing is begun when a person isn't breathing. Someone performing rescue breathing essentially breathes for the victim by forcing air into the lungs. This procedure includes breathing into the victim's mouth at correct intervals and checking for signs of life.

C is for circulation. Chest compressions can sometimes restore circulation. Two rescue breaths should be provided and followed immediately by cycles of 30 chest compressions and 2 rescue breaths.
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

CPR does work.

When initiated within 4 minutes, the survival rate is 43%. When initiated within 4 to 8 min, the survival rate is 10%.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First aid for situations

Dressing & Bandages Dressing
A dressing is a covering applied to a wound or to injured part and may be used: 1. To assist in controlling bleeding. 2. To protect a wound from further injury. 3. To prevent or lessen infection.

First aid to poisoning:

Take the history. Elimination of poison or to lessen the absorption. High concentrate of common salt for vomiting. Tea powder or charcoal tablet to lessen the absorption.

First Aid to Electric shock:

Switch off electrical supply by using wood, rubber gloves. Take to safe side. Follow CPR procedure.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First aid for situations

Unconsciousness
Unconsciousness is caused by illness, injury or emotional shock.

Causes of Unconsciousness
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Carbon monoxide poisoning Drug overdose Poisoning Heart attack Head injury Diabetic coma

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First aid for situations

General rules for treatment of unconscious person:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ensure an abundant supply of fresh air. Remove from harmful gases or impure atmosphere. Keep back crowds. Open windows & doors. Check breathing & pulse, if, stopped than apply CPR.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First aid for situations

Asphyxia:
Asphyxia is a loss of consciousness due to the presence of too little oxygen or too much carbon dioxide in the blood. The victim may stop breathing for a number of reasons (i.e. drowning, electric shock, heart failure, poisoning, or suffocation). Heart failure, brain damage, and eventual death will result if the victim's breathing cannot be restarted.

Signs & symptoms of Asphyxia:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Shortness of breath. Pulse slow and irregular Lips, nose, ears, fingers are bluish gray. Complete loss of consciousness. Pulse slow and irregular. Breathing intermittent or absent.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First aid for situations

General rule for treatment of Asphyxia 1. Ensure that there is a free passage for air. 2. Apply artificial respiration immediately, every seconds counts. (Artificial must be continued until natural breathing is restored)

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First aid for situations.

Fractures: Fracture is the term, used to indicate that a bone is broken or cracked. Signs & Symptoms
1.Pain at or near the seat of fracture. 2.Swelling about the seat of fracture. 3.Deformity of limbs.

4.Unnatural movement at the seat of fracture.

Treatment of Fracture:
Immobilize the fracture By the use of bandages, by the use splints. Place the patient as early as possible to hospital.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First aid for situations.

Burns: Causes

Dry heat such as fire, a piece of hot metal. Contact with any object charged with a high tension electric current or by lighting. Friction Corrosive chemicals. overexposure to the sun

Treatment
1. 2. 3. 4. Avoid handling the affected area more than is necessary. Do not remove burned clothing. Dont break blister. Immobilize the affected area by suitable means.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First aid for situations.

Wounds
A wound is a break in the continuity of the tissue of the body which thus permits the escape of blood and the entrance of disease producing germs or other injurious agents. Treatment 1. Placed the casualty in a suitable position, bearing in the mind that blood escapes with less force. 2. Elevate the bleeding part except in a case of fractured limb. 3. Expose the wound, removing as little clothing as possible. 4. Do not disturb any blood clot already formed. 5. Apply dressing, pad and bandage.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First aid kit

Include the following in first-aid kits First-aid manual Sterile gauze Adhesive tape Adhesive bandages in several sizes Elastic bandage Antiseptic wipes Soap Antibiotic cream (tripleantibiotic ointment) Antiseptic solution (like hydrogen peroxide) Hydrocortisone cream (1%) Acetaminophen & ibuprofen
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

sharp scissors safety pins calamine lotion alcohol wipes or ethyl alcohol thermometer plastic gloves (at least 2 pairs) flashlight and extra batteries mouthpiece for administering CPR your list of emergency phone numbers blanket

BLEEDING FROM NOSE

Mark the patient sit on a chair with head slightly bent forward in an airy place. Loosen the clothes of neck and chest.

Advise the patient to breathe through mouth.

Patient should not try to speak, swallow, cough. Spit or sniff as this may disturb the blood clot. Nose should be kept pinched with thumb, and forefinger. Cold compresses over nose and forehead may help. Do not remove clot from nose. No plugs are to be used. If bleeding persists for more than 30 minutes, Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007 the patient must be sent to a hospital.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Burns with Acid And Alkali

Signs and symptoms
Severe burning of mouth and throat Difficult in swallowing and breathing Sever abdominal pain Thirst Shock

Dark closured and blood vomiting

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First aid
Immediately remove contaminated clothing.

Wash with sodabicarb solution(2 teaspoons

baking powder in one pint of water) and in

case of alkali burn wash with weak solution of vinegar.

Again wash with water.

Cover with sterile dressing Transfer to hospital.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

ASPHYXIA
Asphyxia or suffocation is condition of partial or complete stoppage of breathing due to lack oxygenation in the blood. Brain cells start to die if oxygen supply is interrupted for just there minutes.

Important causes
Lack of Oxygen in the Air Obstruction of the Air Passage

Failure of Respiratory Mechanism

Depression of Respiratory Centre

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Signs and symptoms

Rapid distressed breathing and gasping Blueness (cyanosis) of the skin, face lips, nails, ears and nose. Swollen neck veins

Confusion, irritability and gradual loss of

consciousness. If hypoxia continues and is not reversed, breathing and heart may stop.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First Aid measures

Immediate removal of cause or remove casualty from the cause. Artificial respiration or CPR if required Treat shock. Immediate transfer to a hospital If unconscious. Transfer in the recovery position.

Suffocation by smoke
Cover your mouth and nose with wet cloth or handkerchief before entering the room where the casualty is. Always crawl or keep low while entering the place. Open all the windows and doors. Remove the casualty to the open balcony or
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

FIRST AID FOR INHALATION OF CLORINE

Remove the casualty in fresh air. Immediately to an open area Clothes are to be loosened and shoes should be removed. Patient should be placed on his back with head and back elevated and kept warm.

Milk, butter milk, lime juice, etc. may be given in mild cases, for relief from throat irritation
Nothing by mouth to an unconscious patient.

If liquid chlorine or chlorinated water has contaminated skin or clothing give emergency shower.
Contd..

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

 Skin areas should be washed with soap and water.

No attempt should be made to neutralized chlorine with chemical.

No ointments should be applied for 24 hours.

If eyes have been affected washed with running water for at least 15 minutes

Give 2 or 3 drops of o.5% solution of pontocaine or other effective topical anesthetic in the affected eyes
In case of Swallowing of liquid chlorine immediately give lime water, milk of magnesia or fresh water to drink. No attempt should be made to induce vomiting a physician must be called in immediately.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

SNAKE BITE

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

SNAKE BITE
Signs and Symptoms
Presence of fang marks. Two or four means a poisonous snake bite ; continuous teeth mark of 8 or 4 means a non-poisonous snake bite. Dull, numbing pain and swelling at the bite site. May be slight bleeding at the sting site Painful cramps and muscle stiffness in the abdomen or shoulders, chest and back. Nausea, vomiting Giddiness. Restless, drowsiness ,breathless, convulsions fever, chills, sweating Foam from the mouth. Person may become unconscious. Contd.. Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First Aid
Reassure the patient. Immediate application of the broad bandage (preferably crape bandage) above the bitten area. Immobilize the limb with splints. Wash thoroughly the bitten area with water or soap and water. Arrange quickest evacuation to a hospital.

Donts
Do Do Do Do Do

not not not not not

let the patient walk, run or shout. excise or burn the wound of bite. let the patient sleep. apply tourniquet. give alcohol.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

DOG BITE
Thorough washing of the bitten part with soap and water. Even licks should be washed. If the wound is swollen, apply ice wrapped in a towel for ten minutes. Cover wounds with sterile dressings and send to hospital / clinic.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

TICK BITES
Remove any ticks found on the skin.

Pull gently and carefully ticks mouth part not to crush the tick because the secretions released any spread disease.
Wash the wound area with soap and water

Apply clod compress to relieve pain and swelling

Apply calamine lotion to relieve itching.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

HEAD INJURIES
OPEN a head injury with an associated head wound. CLOSED with on obvious sing of injury

CONCUSSION

is a closed head injury, of all the

head injuries, this is the most insidious, casualty.

Contd..

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

History of trauma

Head wounds Deformation and / or crepitus of the skull

Altered level of consciousness

Evidence of CSF leaking from ears or nose May have unequal pupils Headache Raccoon eyes or Battles sign Nausea and / or vomiting Restlessness and irritability, confusion

Blurred or double vision

Snoring respirations if unconscious
Cont
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

CARE AND TREATMENT

ABC
Call for an ambulance Treat any wounds Complete rest Head injury without any symptoms should be watch for at least 24 hr
If unconscious or drowsy, put casualty in the stable

side position while supporting the cervical spine

Allow any CSF to drain freely if in stable side position, put that side down with a pad over the ear

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

HEART ATTACK AND ANGINA

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

FACTORS
Lack of exercise Smoking Poor diet High blood pressure Hereditary Strain and stress

High cholesterol
Cont
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Pale, cool skin
Chest pain or discomfort, possibly after exertion, a heavy meal or stress crushing, or vice-like pain, usually in the centre of the chest, sometimes also in the jaw and arm sweating rapid, irregular, or weak pulse rapid, shallow respirations, or difficulty breathing nausea and/or vomiting may feel the need to pass a bowel motion lethargy
Contd..
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

CARE AND TREATMENT

ABC

Call for an ambulance Position of comfort, usually sitting Complete rest Reassurance Assist with medication Discourage visit to the toilet/do not allow to walk.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

HEART FAILURE
When the heart is unable to perform its proper function. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Pale, cold, clammy skin Chest discomfort, difficulty breathing

Bubbly, gasping breaths

Frothy sputum

Swelling of the extremities, especially at the ankles, which may show dimples partial collapse

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

CARE AND TREATMENT

ABC

Call for an ambulance Position of comfort, usually sitting &

supported
Do not elevate legs Reassurance

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

CARDIAC ARREST
When the heart ceases to function.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Unconsciousness No pulse Usually no respirations, though there may be brief irregular, gasping breaths

CARE AND TREATMENT

Immediate CPR Call for an ambulance
Contd..
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Pesticide poisoning
If the pesticide has been spilled on the skin or clothing
Remove the clothing immediately if it has been contaminated and thoroughly wash the skin with soap and water. Rinse the affected area with water; wash again and rinse. Gently dry the affected area and wrap it in loose cloth or a blanket. Avoid ointments, greases, powders, and other medications unless instructed by a medical authority.
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

If the pesticide has entered into the eyes.

Hold the eyelid open Immediately start washing the eye with clean running water for 15 minutes Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water Avoid contamination of the other eye if only one eye is involved. Cover the eye with a clean piece of cloth and seek medical attention immediately.

If the pesticide has been inhaled.

Get the victim to fresh air immediately. Do not allow the victim to walk. Have the victim lie down and loosen clothing. Keep the victim warm and quiet. If the victim is convulsing watch the breathing and protect the head. Keep the chin up to keep air passages free for breathing. If breathing stops or is irregular, give Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

.If the pesticide has been swallowed. Most important decision to be made is whether or not to induce vomiting. Never induce vomiting if the victim is unconscious or convulsing. The victim could choke to death on the vomits. Never induce vomiting if the victim has swallowed petroleum products (kerosene, gasoline, oil, lighter fluid,). Never induce vomiting if the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison a strong acid or alkali (base). A corrosive poison will burn the throat. if you are certain the victim has swallowed a dilute preparation, have the person vomit immediately

How to induce vomiting

First give the patient at least two glasses of water. Do not use carbonated beverages. If possible use ipecac syrup to induce

vomiting.
After vomiting has occurred, give the patient 2 to 4 tablespoons of activated charcoal in water. Never administer activated charcoal at the
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

same time as ipecac syrup,

TREATMENT OF FRACTURES
PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT
Treat fractures on the spot. Immobilization of the fracture. (a) By bandages (Triangular or roller) (b)By splints For open fractures treat the bleeding and the wound Treat shock if present. Always be gentle in handling fractures

DONTS
Do not try to set broken bones. Do not let him walk unless injury is of upper arm. Do not try to push in a protruding bone. Do not evacuate spinal fracture cases on a canvas stretcher. Do not move casualty unless injured part is secured / supported. Arrange medical aid or evacuation. Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF SPINE

Do not let the victim attempt to move. Greatest care be taken not to bend neck

or back.
Transfer the victim to a hard stretcher (not canvas stretcher). Fix the victim on the stretcher with the blankets round him. The victim should always be

transported in supine (face upwards) position.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

 Apply two broad bandages round the chest firmly without removing the dress. Ask the patient to breathe out and then tie the knots below the arm pit on the uninjured side. Support the arm on the injured side with a sling. Lay the casualty with the head and the shoulders raised and the body inclined towards the injured side.

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF RIBS

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF CLAVICLE

Place the arm on the injured side across the chest. Support the arm in an elevated sling by a triangular bandage. Secure the arm to the chest with abroad bandage over the sling. Transfer in sitting position.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF THIGH BONE

Apply a long splint on the inner side of the affected limb from groin to heel. Apply an outer longer splint from armpit to heel. Apply Bandages at seven places to fix the two splints - At the chest - At the Hip Joint - Above the fracture - Below the fracture side - At the knees. - At the middle of legs

At ankle (tie feet and ankles together with figure of 8 bandage)

If nothing is available for splints. Use the second uninjured leg as splint.
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

FIRST AID FOR DISLOCATION

Do not try to reduced the dislocation
Apply split and bandage

FIRST AID FOR SPRAIN

Rest the injured part.
Apply Ice or cold compress. Compress the injury (with thick layer of cotton wool secured by a bandage). Elevate the injured part.

Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Summary
Act quickly, quietly & methodically, giving priority to the most urgent condition. Ensure that there is no further danger to the casualty or to your self. If breathing has stopped or is falling, clear the airway, if necessary, start emergency resuscitation, control bleeding. Do not give anything by mouth to the casualty who is unconscious. Determine the level of consciousness; possibility of poisoning; Guard against shock; Correct position of casualty.

Watch and record any changes in the condition of casualty.

Do not allow people to crowd around the casualty.
Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007