Parameters for Constructing Environmentally Safe Power Plant

~By

Varun Kumar Girja Shanker Mukesh Verma Navneet Yadav Nirav Dhruv Venkateshwar Rao

PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Types of power plants Power infrastructure in India Pollution in power plants Pollution control Environmental concerns Conclusion

TYPES OF POWER PLANTS

RENEWABLE NON RENEWABLE

RENEWABLE POWER PLANTS

HYDRO WIND SOLAR BIOMASS TIDAL GEOTHERMAL

NON RENEWABLE POWER PLANTS

THERMAL GAS NUCLEAR DIESEL

POWER INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA

Generating Capacity (31.03.2007)

Thermal Hydro Nuclear Renewable TOTAL

86,015 34,654 3,900 7760 132,329*

65.0% 26.2% 2.9% 5.9% 100.0%

(17,112 MW)

P riv a te S e c to r 13%

(45,121 MW) C e ntra l S e c to r 34%

*Excluding Captive generation capacity of about 41000 MW

S ta te S e c to r 5 3 %(70,096 MW)

Total Generation
2006-07: 662 TWh

Large Capacity addition is required to meet the demand

POLLUTION IN POWER PLANT

AIR WATER SOUND SOLID WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE THERMAL WASTE

Environmental Concerns in TPP

Chlorine Storage Halon

AAQ

Flue Gas

Boiler
Turbine

Control Room S T A C K
AAQ

APH
Cond

ESP
Boiler Blow down

Cooling Tower

ASPH

Blow Down Water Intake

AAQ

Main Plant Drain

ASH POND

Colony & Drainage

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AIR POLLUTION
PARAMETERS MONITORED
SPM RSPM Sox NOx CO CO2

Key to Understanding: POLLUTION

Fine Particles Reduce Visibility

Chicago - Summer 2000. Clear Day : PM 2.5 < 5 g/m3

Chicago - Summer 2000. 3 Hazy Day : PM 2.5 > 35 g/m12

WASTE WATER FROM A THERMAL POWER PLANT

1.) EFFLUENTS WITH HIGH TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) BLOW DOWN FROM CONDENSER CW SYSTEM. NEUTRALISED WASTE FROM DM PLANT & SOFTENING PLANT.

2.) EFFLUENTS WITH HIGH TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)

COAL HANDLING PLANT SERVICE WATER SYSTEM WASTE SLUDGE FROM PT PLANT BACKWASH WASTE WATER OF GRAVITY FILTER & SOFTENING PLANT

3.) EFFLUENTS HAVING HIGH OIL CONTENT OILY WASTE FROM FUEL OIL HANDLING SYSTEM & OTHER OIL HANDLING AREAS.

4.)EFFLUENTS HAVING HIGH TEMPERATURE BOILER BLOW-DOWN WATER RETURN WATER OF CONDENSER COOLING SYSTEMS IN PLANTS OPERATING ON ONCE THROUGH TYPE CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEM.

PARAMETERS MONITORED
pH CONDUCTIVITY TDS TSS BOD COD O&G HEAVY METALS LIKE Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb, Hg, As etc.

THERMAL POLLUTION
Increase in water temperature that adversely affects organisms that live there (cooling equipment) Thermal plume: area that is warmed from a cooling water discharge
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NOISE POLLUTION
TURBINE FLOOR BLOW DOWN VARIOUS MAINTENANCE WORKS DUE TO RUNNING EQUIPMENTS

AMBIENT NOISE STANDARDS

AREA CATEGORY OF AREA/ZONE IN dB CODE (A) (B) (C) (D) INDUSTRIAL AREA COMMERCIAL AREA RESIDENTIAL AREA SILENCE ZONE DAY TIME 75 65 55 50

LIMITS NIGHT TIME 70 55 45 40

POLLUTION CONTROL
OUTPUT CONTROL: pollution control technologies, deal with pollutants after produced INPUT CONTROL: pollution prevention, dont make the pollutant

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
Emission Control Effluent Management Resource Conservation Ash Utilization Waste Management

A JOURNEY TOWARDS ZERO EMISSION FROM RASAYAN SHAKTI

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ZERO EMISSION
Introduction What is a zero emission plant? Technology to control PM/SPM Some technologies for SOX/NOx reduction Combustion modifications clean up systems Technologies for CO2 capture CO2 sequestration

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ZERO EMISSION POWER PLANT

Power plant emissions can be Unwanted content in the exhaust gas (CO2, NOx, CO, VOC, SO2, dioxin, smoke, particles, steam plume..) Ash, cooling water, spill water, lube oil Noise and vibrations Transports of fuel and ash, fuel preparation In a Zero emission power plant all emissions are there but are low as a result of good engineering required by laws, directives and regulations to reach global standards.
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Technology to control PM/SPM

ESP SUPPORT OF CHEMICAL DOSING

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1.Electron emission 1

ESP PROCESS STEPS

Dust layer

2.Dust particle charging 2 3 3.Migration

Collecting electrode, grounded

5.Rapping 4 4.dust collection 5

Discharge electrode with Negative high tension (20-60kV)

Rapping mechanism
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Desirables for Stack Emission Reduction

Optimum Electrical Resistivity of the fly ash108-1011 Higher Moisture in flue gas. Lower Flue gas temp Higher Sulpher in flue gas. Proper Gas flow distribution Minimum Un-burnt in fly ash Particle size distribution Advance ESP controller/ Ele. Energy for fly ash.
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FLUE GAS CHEMICAL CONDITIONING

1. FLUE GAS HUMIDIFICATION

2. SO3

DOSING

3. AMMONIA DOSING

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AMMONIA DOSING SYSTEM AT ESP INLET FOR STACK EMMISSION CONTROL

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AMMONIA DOSING
CHEMICAL CHANGE

Ammonia combine with SOX and transforms it to Ammonium sulphate & Ammonium bisulphate.

ADVANTAGE

Ammonium bisulphate molecules (being adhesive in nature) increases the adhesion strength of dust collected on electrodes and falls in the form of lumps while rapping and thus reduces the re-entertainmentloss

Ammonium sulphate is the outcome of neutralization of excess sulpher present in flue gas.
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LAYOUT FOR AMMONIA DOSING IN ESP

DUCT PASS-A

PASS-D

PASS-C

PASS-B

PASS-A

WATER SPRAY

AMMONIA CYLINDER
ZERO METER

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AMMONIA DOSING UNIT # 3

AVERAGE STACK LEVEL

AMMONIA DOSING RATE

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BENIFITS

STACK SPM LEVEL < 100 MG/NM3

Simple layout. System installation in house with

available resources. Easy to operate.

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BASICS OF NOX
The rate of NOx is proportional to pressure and residence time and exponentially increasing with flame temperature Generally NO2 is produced at lower flame temperature & NO at higher NO2 at high concentrations look like yellowish smoke
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SOME TECHNOLOGIES FOR NOX REDUCTION

Water-steam injection Exhaust gas clean up in catalytic reactor Catalytic combustion Catalytic absorption in SCONOX
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WATER-STEAM INJECTION
NOx
200 Water Injection 100 Lean Premix Combustion Steam Injection

0.5

1.0

1.5

Fuel/Air Equivalence Ratio

- NOx is reduced by cooling down the flame with H2O -37

EXHAUST GAS CLEAN UP

Selective Catalytic Reactor Ammonia is mixed into the combustion air after the gas turbine In the catalytic reactor the ammonia reacts with NOx to produce N2 and H20 90% efficiency Works between certain temperature limits, thus has to be positioned in an exhaust gas boiler Deterioration of catalytic elements: average 6 years life SCR is most often combined with a DLE combustion system to reach NOx levels around 35 ppm
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EXHAUST GAS CLEAN UP NOX+NH3

AMMONIA GAS

N2+H2O+FLU E GAS

EXHAUST GAS 450-500 O C

CATALYST BED
Life time:06 yrs GAS TURBINE FUEL+AIR Efficiency-90%
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CATALYTIC NOX ABSORPTION

The SCONOX system uses catalytic absorption The absorption elements works at lower temperatures than the SCR They are regenerated with H2 to form H20 and N2 The SCONOX reactor is built up of a number of elements with individual dampers on each element, upstream and downstream The regeneration is an ongoing process in which elements are shut off by the dampers and blown by H2 for a minute
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 The H2 is generated from the fuel gas by a steam reformer 95 97% NOx removal efficiency ~ 4 times more expensive than SCR but there is a growing market in the US, perhaps in Norway and Japan

Catalytic NOx absorption

NOX is absorbed in the catalyst bed Exhaust Gas

EXHAUST GAS 300-400 O C NOX absorption catalyst bed

GAS TURBINE FUEL+AIR

Catalyst bed regenerated With H2 gas

Efficiency-95-97%

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CARBON SEQUESTRATION

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CARBON SEQUESTRATION
It is a family of methods for capturing and permanently isolating gases that could contribute to global climate change Stores CO2 removed from the atmosphere or captured from emissions and stores it in another form somewhere else (a carbon sink)

CARBON SEQUESTRATION WILL HAVE TO BE DEPLOYED VERY RAPIDLY AT AN ENORMOUS SCALE FOR SAFE GHG STABILIZATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE
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 Ocean Sequest..

Carbon Sequestration: General Modes

Direct, deep-ocean injection

Geological Sequest.. Saline Reservoirs Old Oil/Gas fields Coal Beds Soil/Plant Sequestration Chemical Sequestration Creating terrestrial solids Creating hydrates Basalt injection Absorption into

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Carbon Sequestration: General Modes

Ocean & Geological modes have the highest storage capacity, which would cover from 50 to >250 years of current emission volumes. They also have long term sequestration potential
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DOE, Carbon Sequestration Roadmap

NEW ERA APPROACH

KYOTO PROTOCOL (1997) UN CLIMATE CONFERENCE BALI(2007)

EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT
Effluent Treatment Plants Sewage Treatment Plants Ash Water Recycling Systems Neutralization pits Coal Settling Pits Oil Skimmers

Coal Slurry : Coal particles are settled by retention and dozing coagulant aid.

Oily Waste : Oil is recovered by installing skimmers and the oil recovered is reused.

P.T. Plant Waste : Filter backwash waste is recycled to clarifiers. Clarifier sludge is sent to the ash handling system. Main Plant Waste : Treated in lamella clarifiers. Final discharge : Continuous online monitoring is done for important parameters

EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT

RESOURCE CONSERVATION
Cycle of Concentration for Water

O p e r a t io n a l P e r f o r m a n c e ( C o a l b a s 3.5d ) e
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

10 8 6 4 2 0

8 .2

8 .0 7

7 .7

0 .6 1 0 .7 1 0 .5 10 .7 1 0 .3 6 0 .7 2 0 0 3 -0 4 2 0 0 4 -0 5 2 0 0 5 -0 6

Talcher

Kahalgaon

A u x . P o w e r C o S p .. O %l )C o n s . ( mS lp/ k. w o a l / k g / k w h ) ns ( i C h)

Reduction in Consumption of Coal , Oil & Water

Vindhyachal

VSTPP-II

SIPAT

LAND MANAGEMENT
Land requirement reduced from 1 acre / MW to 0.7 acre / MW through : - Efficient Layout Design - Ash Pond Height Increase - Ash Utilization

AFFORESTATION
17 Million Trees of different species including Jatropa (Energy Plantation) planted in and around power stations

RECLAMATION OF ABANDONED ASH PONDS

Abandoned Ash Dykes reclaimed at: - Ramagundam STPS - Rihand STPS

ASH POND MANAGEMENT

Continuous water cover in the Ash pond

Arrangement of Water Sprinklers

Land reclamation

Green Cover at Ash Pond

NTPC

Vindhyachal

CONCLUSION & RECOMENDATION

It is obvious from above discussion that thermal Power plant may cause serious damage to ecology If proper eco-considerations are not incorporated. Use of effective pollution control equipment may Minimize adverse ecological impact.

THANK YOU

The path to the future is neither as rosy as some people hope nor as thorny as others fear, but depends on how effectively we pick out the weeds and nurture the bush 57 as we walk