OVER VIEW OF HYDRO PROJECTS

By : P S RAWAT CDE (PE-Hydro)

Why Hydro Power?

Renewable and environmentally benign source of Power. Ability for instantaneous starting, stopping and load variation. Provides valuable peaking power. No fuel cost and hence inflation free. Development of multipurpose projects with optimal water management drinking water, flood control, irrigation and tourism. Low cost of energy in long run.

Meeting Peak Demands

Hydroelectric plants:

Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly Suplement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which serve base loads. Save oil/natural gas

STAGES OF PLANNING
CONSTRUCTION STAGE

INVESTMENT DECISION

EVALUATION & APPRAISAL

FEASIBILITY REPORT/ DETAILED PROJ REPORT

TECHNO ECONOMIC CLEARANCE MOEF CLEARANCE Statutory clearances

COST ESTIMATE OTHER INPUTS CIVIL, MECH, ELECT & C&I INPUTS BASIC ENGG
SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES/INVESTIGATIONS

PROJECT FEASIBLITY

SITE SELECTION/PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDIES

STUDIES FOR HYDRO POWER PROJECTS

Topographical Study Geological & Geotech Study Hydrological Study Meteorological Study Seismic Study Socio-Economic Study EIA Study Construction Material Survey Transportation Study Disaster Management Studies

FR STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS

METEROLOGICAL STUDY GEO-TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SURVEY SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES

TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

FR PREPARATION
EIA STUDIES

HYDROLOGICAL STUDY TRANSPORTATION STUDY DISASTER MANAGEMENT STUDIES SEISIMIC STUDIES

DPR PREPARATION
COST ESTIMATE GEOLOGY GEO-TECHNICAL ASPECTS SURVEYS & MAPPING

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SURVEY

SITE LAYOUT

DPR PREPARATION
HYDROLOGICAL STUDY
CONSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGY& EQUIPMENT PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL & ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS

FINANCIAL & ECONOMIC EVALUATION

POWER POTENTIAL & INSTALLED CAPACITY

INITIAL STEPS

POWER POTENTIAL STUDY CALCULATION OF DISCHARGE Q CALCULATION OF HEAD DETERMINATION OF INSTALLED CAPACITY

POWER POTENTIAL STUDY

DATAS ARE TAKEN ON 10 DAYS AVERAGE POWER POTENTIAL IS ARRIVED AT 90% DEPENDABLE YEAR I.E. POWER IS AVAIBALE FOR THE 90% TIME OF THE TOTAL YEARS CONSIDERED

Hydro Power Generation - PLANNING

Mean Ten Daily Runoff at Rupsiyabagar-Khasiyabara ( Site no 22) on Goriganga
Catchment Area =1235 Sq. Km Unit : Cumecs Year Jan 21.77 1962 20.01 18.99 Feb 17.28 18.45 22.60 Mar 27.21 29.76 34.08 Apr 26.56 34.15 42.45 May 42.03 48.56 50.84 Jun 85.24 93.30 129.19 Jul 146.40 146.84 155.27 Aug 271.47 278.90 233.50 Sep 248.91 188.64 141.54 Oct 73.02 61.42 41.82 Nov 32.52 27.88 23.77 Dec 21.84 19.20 16.84 80.63

Table - 5.3

Annual average

15.79
1963 14.52 13.78 15.69 1964 14.43 13.69 16.18 1965 14.88 14.12 12.56 1966 11.55 10.96 12.46

11.06
11.81 14.47 10.90 11.64 12.67 12.61 13.47 16.50 10.52 11.24 13.77 8.94

18.04
19.73 22.60 12.22 13.37 15.31 17.75 19.42 22.24 11.35 12.41 14.21 9.60

20.39
26.22 32.59 16.99 21.85 27.16 22.15 28.49 35.40 11.70 15.05 18.71 11.33

41.02
47.39 49.61 24.64 28.47 29.80 31.02 35.83 37.51 28.41 32.82 34.36 19.56

78.98
86.44 119.70 60.42 66.13 91.57 64.34 70.42 97.51 63.32 69.30 95.97 55.02

171.65
172.16 182.05 167.50 168.00 177.65 111.75 112.08 118.52 126.68 127.06 134.36 137.46

266.95
274.26 229.61 198.69 204.12 170.90 138.77 142.57 119.36 217.15 223.10 186.78 223.34

220.24
166.91 125.23 220.72 167.28 125.51 128.99 97.76 73.35 144.67 109.64 82.26 177.11

55.24
46.46 31.63 60.97 51.29 34.92 36.57 30.76 20.94 37.71 31.72 21.60 48.59

29.66
25.43 21.68 29.35 25.16 21.45 22.59 19.37 16.51 22.06 18.91 16.13 25.97

21.12
18.56 16.28 21.33 18.75 16.44 16.98 14.93 13.09 16.46 14.47 12.69 19.46 56.45 50.30 65.89 75.92

1967

11.46
10.88 16.38

9.54
11.69 12.37 13.21 14.38

10.50
12.03 18.34 20.05 22.96

14.56
18.10 17.75 22.82 28.36

22.60
23.66 36.67 42.37 44.35

60.22
83.39 80.78 88.41 122.43

137.87
145.79 168.98 169.48 179.22

229.45
192.10 214.01 219.87 184.08

134.22
100.71 152.44 115.53 86.68

40.87
27.83 53.18 44.73 30.45

22.26
18.98 27.45 23.53 20.06

17.11
15.00 19.46 17.11 15.00

59.18

1968

15.06 14.29

66.12

Hydro Power Generation - PLANNING

DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

A.

Based on Head (i) High Head plants (>300m) (ii) Medium Head plants (30m-600m) (iii) Low Head plants (<60m)

B.

Based on Load (i) Base load Plants (operate continuously, supply constant power) (ii) Peak load plants (operate only when load is more than average)

DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

C.

Based on Hydraulic Characteristics (i) Run-of-River plant (ii) Pondage scheme (iii) Plant with Storage reservoir (iv) Pumped Storage plants

d) Based on Capacity
i)

Micro Hydel plants (Power 0.1-1 MW,Head <5m)

ii)

Mini Hydel Plants (Power 1-5 MW, Head 5-20m) iii) Medium capacity Plants iv) High capacity plants

ELEMENTS OF H. E. PLANT

CATCHMENT AREA RESERVOIR DIVERSION STRUCTURE: DAM/ BARRAGE INTAKE/ HEAD REGULATOR DESILTING CHAMBER/ BASIN HRT (HEADRACE TUNNEL.) SURGE TANKS ( IN CASE OF LONG WATER CONDUIT PRESSURE SHAFT/PENSTOCK POWERHOUSE (FOR HOUSING TURBINE, GENERATOR, TRANSFORMER AND OTHER ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL AUX.) TAIL RACE TUNNEL/ CHANNEL SWITCHYARD FOR TRANSMISSION OF POWER

3D Pictorial View of HEP Layout (partial)

Inside a Typical Hydro Power Plant

Koldam Hydro Power Project Layout

Penstocks Power House

(Single Dam)

Diversion Tunnels

Switchyard

PROJECT VIEW POINT

Loharinag Pala Hydro Power Project Layout

Tapovan Hydro Power Project Layout

Layout of Barrage
C OF BARRAGE AXIS L
60m
2152 2139 2136 PIERS 2136

LAUNCHING APRON
9m 46.30m
215 1

2137 2139

2139

22.5m

45.0m

55.5m
2136 2136 2152

56.5m
2139

FLOW

2139

73.40m

2139

215

AXIS OF INLET REGULATOR

TWO LANE ROAD BRIDGE

TWO LANE ROAD BRIDGE LAUNCHING APRON

General Layout- Barrage, Power Intake,Desilting Chamber, HRT

EL.2133.0

Layout of Power House

ADIT TO TRT (6.0m D-SHAPE)

L-Section Through Pressure Shaft

SURGE SHAFT 14m

EL. 2204m
(UPSURGE LEVEL)

SLAB FOR ORIFICE, 2.5m B/F VALVE CHAMBER

(DOWNSURGE LEVEL)

EL. 2092m 2078.02

ADIT TO SURGE SHAFT HRT 6m HORSE SHOE

N.S.L. EL.1940.00 INTERMEDIATE ADIT TO PRESSURE SHAFT INV.EL.1970m

424. 659m

ELEVATION IN METRE

POWER HOUSE CAVERN [22WX47HX155L (M)] 121.119m BUS BAR GALLERY TRANSFORMER CAVERN 4m , STEEL LINED [18WX26HX144L (M)] PRESSURE SHAFT EL 1710m TAIL RACE TUNNEL 7.5m EL 1708m HORSE SHOE EL 1684m C/L EL 1671m ADIT TO PRESSURE SHAFT BOTTOM

407.02 m

TWL 1665m

T.R.T. OUT FALL POINT INVERT LEVEL 1660m

Section Through Pelton Turbine

FALSE CEILING (CRANE SPAN) E.O.T CRANE 2 NOS. (CAPACITY 2x250T/30T) SPAN 20100mm

11500

EL.1677.00 C OF PENSTOCK L

DIVERSION STRUCTURE

BARRAGE
A barrier provided with a series of gates across the river to regulate the water surface level and pattern of flow upstream.

Spillways

Safeguarding structure provided to relieve the reservoir of the excess water which can otherwise endanger the stability of the dam Structure.

SPILLWAY OF THE THREE GORGES PROJECT

Site Selection

Availability of in-situ rock in foundation. Probable seepage aspect. Existence of snow avalanche. Availability of space for accommodating Barrage intake and other facilities.

Plan of Barrage & Desilting Area

AXIS OF BARRAGE

R THI RIVE BHAGIRA

INE RL E POW
ACCESS TUNNEL TO GATE OPER. CHAMBERS SFT- SIZE 3200x2925 LENGTH 478 M

CONST ADIT TO TO CHAMBERS

TRASH RACK HEAD REGULATOR

INSP. GALLERY

START OF HRT

START OF INLET TRANSITION 3 NOS. DESILTING CHAMBERS (250 X 14 X 16 m) END OF DESILTING BASIN

DESILTING CHAMBER

NECESSITY
Most of the rivers carry heavy sediment load either in suspension or as bed load. The suspended load, especially the sharp edged fine sand (quartz) transported by rivers in hilly terrain causes rapid wear of turbine runner blades / buckets due to abrasion. This abrasion tendency increases with the head. In course of time, this may result in shut down of units for considerable duration thereby, causing enormous loss of power and revenue. Therefore, it is necessary to provide necessary arrangements for exclusion of sediments from the water.

Length of Chamber

The length of the basin is calculated from the time taken by the particles to reach bottom of the chamber in still water neglecting the effect of turbulence.

Silt Flushing Conduits

The silt settled at the bottom of hoppers is flushed by flushing conduits running at the bottom of each chamber. The flushing discharge is 15-20% of the design discharge of HRT, which shall be controlled on the downstream of chamber by installation of silt flushing gates. The size of silt flushing conduit depends on the flow velocity in the conduit. The velocity should be greater than 3.0m/s. A velocity less than this give rise to silt sedimentation in the tunnel. The higher velocity results in erosion of lining.

HEAD RACE TUNNEL

Layout of HRT

Length should be minimum Least number of bends Length of Construction Adits should be min. Sufficient vertical rock cover is available(>H) Sufficient horizontal rock cover is available(>2H)
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Geometric Design..

Fixing up the cross section

Various shapes of cross section

Circular D shaped Horse shoe Modified horse shoe

CIRCULAR SECTION

Circular section is most suitable from hydraulic and structural considerations. However, it is difficult to excavate, particularly where the cross-sectional area is small.

D SHAPE SECTION

Advantage is, added width of the invert which gives more working space during construction

Horse Shoe & Modified Horse Shoe Section

Tunnels

These sections are a compromise between circular and D-shaped sections These sections also afford easy change over to circular sections with minimum additional cost in reaches where rock quality is poor or rock cover is inadequate
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Hydraulic design

Design considerations.
No air lock Area of X-section provided should be sufficient to carry max required flow. No Negative pressures Minimum losses

Tunnel Support

Tunnel rock support system

Primary support- provided immediately after excavation, most of

the times is an active support

Final support- final support, it is a passive support

Primary support
Includes one or a combination of Shotcrete, wire mesh Rock bolts Steel ribs

Depending upon class of rock i.e Very Good ,good, fair, poor , very poor

TYPICAL DETAILS FOR HORSE SHOE TUNNEL THROUGH SOUND ROCK

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TYPICAL DETAILS FOR HORSE SHOE TUNNELS THROUGH FAIR ROCK

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Shotcrete

Shotcrete

back

Rock bolts

Steel ribs

Final support

Cast in situ tunnel lining

Pre cast segmental lining

Construction

Drill and blast Mechanical excavation

back

Drill and blast

Full face- entire tunnel face is excavated in one go

Heading and benching

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Mechanical excavation

TBM Road header

BACK

SURGE TANK

Surge Tank

What is a Surge Tank/ Shaft? Purpose of providing a Surge Shaft? Location? Types of Surge tanks Hydraulic Design Structural Design Construction Methodology

Purpose of providing Surge shaft

1.

To radically reduce the pressure surges due to water hammer and to exempt thereby the pressure tunnel from excessive internal loads

Schematic diagram of a hydroelectric plant.

Purpose of providing Surge shaft

2.

To improve regulation Supply of water to the turbines in case of sudden opening of valves/ down surge

3.

Design Loads

Internal Water Pressure External water Pressure External Grout Pressure External Rock Pressure Seismic Stress Dead Loads Live Loads

Rock support

Rock bolts Shotcrete Lining Grouting

Contact Grouting Consolidation Grouting

PENSTOCK / PRESSURE SHAFT

How does a pressure shaft look like?

Penstock Classification
i) a) Surface penstocks conduit is laid exposed and is supported above ground by saddle supports or ring girder supports

ii)

b) Embedded penstocks conduit is embedded in large mass of dam concrete serving as water tight membrane
iii c) Buried penstocks conduit is laid in open trenches and backfilled with earth. d) In tunnel conduit is placed in open tunnel and is either supported in similar manner as surface penstocks or backfilled with concrete.

Steel for Penstock - Requirements

It should stand against maximum internal pressure including dynamic pressure. It should stand against frequent dynamic changes. It should have required impact strength to be able to deform plastically in the presence of stress concentrations at notches and bends.

It should have good weldability without preheating, and

It should not require any stress relieving after welding

Bifurcation of HRT into Pressure shafts under construction.

Fabrication procedure of penstock ferrule

Power House

EQUIPMENT PROVIDED IN THE POWERHOUSE INCLUDES:

HYDRAULIC TURBINES (PELTON, FRANCIS, KAPLAN, BULB, DERIAZ ETC.) GENERATORS & ELCTRICAL AUXILIARIES EOT CRANE TRANSFORMERS GOVERNORS MAIN INLET VALVE (MIV) HVAC SYSTEM DRAINAGE AND DEWATERING SYSTEM FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM SWITCHYARD

SELECTION CRITERIA FOR TYPE OF HYDRO TURBINE

Head available Specific Speed Impulse Turbine :- Pelton Wheel turbine for Head>300m Reaction Turbine:- Francis Turbine for Head 30m to 400m Kaplan Turbine for Head 10m to 60m Bulb/Tubular Turbine Head 3 to 30m

Depends mainly on:

In the overlapping zone of head more detailed analysis is required from techno-economic considerations.

Hydraulic Turbines
Hydraulic Turbines Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine

Pelton Turbine

Francis Turbine

Propeller Turbine Kaplan Turbine

Bulb Turbine

Deriaz Turbine

Types of Hydraulic Turbines

Reaction Turbines

Derive power from pressure drop across turbine Totally immersed in water Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets No pressure drop across turbines Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines

Impulse Turbines

Turbines of NTPC Projects

PROJECT
Koldam(4X200 MW)

TYPE OF TURBINE
Francis

Loharinag Pala(4X150 MW)

Tapovan Vishnugad(4X130 MW) Lata-Tapovan(3X57 MW) Rammam( 3X40MW)

Pelton
Pelton Francis Pelton

Pelton Turbine

It may be horizontal or vertical type. It is impulsive turbine used for low discharge and high head installations (300m-1800m) and power upto 400MW. Its specific speed lies in the range of 6-60. It is highly suitable for flow variations but not suitable for high head variations. It has flatter efficiency-load curve so highly suitable for part load operation (upto 30%). Runner consists of a large circular disc on the periphery of which a number of two-lobe symmetric ellipsoidal buckets are evenly mounted. Splitter in the middle of the bucket divides the jet into two equal streams. The nozzle governs the quantity of flow with the help of a spear valve controlled by the Governor action and directs the flow on the wheel.

Pelton Turbine

Francis Turbine

It is a reaction turbine, i.e. during energy transfer from water to the runner there is a drop in static pressure as well as a drop in velocity head. These are very versatile and used for medium discharge and medium head (30m-750m) and power upto 900MW. Its specific speed lies in the range of 50-400. Water from the penstock enters a spiral or scroll casing which surrounds the runner then enters the guide vanes which are pivoted and can be turned suitably to regulate the flow and output. Pressure at the inlet is more than at the outlet and the runner is always full of water. Not suitable for partial load operation due to low efficiency. Should not operate below 50% load due to cavitation and vibration. These have average suitability for head and discharge variations.

Runner

Sectional View

Spiral Casing

Francis Turbine

MECHANICAL AUXILIARIES

EOT CRANE( ELECTRIC OVERHEAD CRANE) COOLING WATER SYSTEM DRAINAGE AND DEWATERING SYSTEM HP/LP COMPRESSOR SYSYEM FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM HVAC SYSTEM

Three Gorges Dam (China)

Itaip Dam (Brazil & Paraguay)

Itaipu, Wikipedia.org

Oldman River Dam

Hoover Dam, USA

Itaipu Dam, Brazil

Guri Dam, Venezuela

THANK YOU

Earth At Night