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Subject: Course: Presented by: Telephone Switching Systems B.E (E&TC) Pragya Rathore Shreya Shekar Prerana Markad Mrunal Patil
The analog system was the first telephone system established worldwide. Currently, telephone systems in a lot of countries are still completely analog. In time however, these systems will become redundant as the world switches to digital telephony
The components of a telephone system include: Microphone Receiver Transmission System Switching and signaling system
receiver microphone
Base station (BS) at center of each cell Antenna, controller, transceivers Controller handles call process Number of mobile units may in use at a time BS connected to mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) One MTSO serves multiple BS MTSO to BS link by wire or wireless
RECALL : MTSO
It is a sophisticated computer that monitors -- all the cellular calls --tracks location of all cellular equipped vehicles -- arrange for hanoffs -- and the billing information,too. MTSO acts as a central switch that controls the entire operation of cellular system.
The area (a city) is divided into a number of cells (typically 2 to 10 miles in size, but can be smaller for more crowded areas) and a base station is positioned within each cell.
If a user (mobile phone) is within a particular cell, the call is handled by the corresponding base station within that cell. The base station transmits the signal to the mobile switching center (MTSO).
MTSO then switches the signal to another base station, or to a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), depending on the destination of the call: whether another mobile unit or a regular telephone.
As a user moves from one cell to another, the call is handed over to the base station of the other cellThis is called hand-off . The handover is (hopefully) transparent to the user.
Scan and select strongest set up control channel Automatically selected BS antenna of cell Handshake to identify user and register location Scan repeated to allow for movement
Change of cell
Send number on pre-selected channel MTSO attempts to connect to mobile unit Paging message sent to BSs Paging signal transmitted on set up channel
Paging
Call accepted
Mobile unit recognizes number on set up channel Responds to BS which sends response to MTSO MTSO sets up circuit between calling and called BSs MTSO selects available traffic channel within cells and notifies BSs BSs notify mobile unit of channel
Ongoing call
Handoff
STAGES
OTHER FUNCTIONS
Call blocking During mobile-initiated call stage, if all traffic channels busy, mobile tries again After number of fails, busy tone returned Call termination User hangs up MTSO informed Traffic channels at two BSs released Call drop BS cannot maintain required signal strength Traffic channel dropped and MTSO informed
FREQUENCY REUSE
It is a technique of reusing frequencies and channels within a communications system Each cell has a frequency that is far enough away from the neighbouring frequency
FEATURES :
Sophisticated computer
Monitors all cellular calls Tracks the location of all cellular equipped vehicles traveling in the system Arranges handoffs
Authentication
Location updating Call routing
ADVANTAGES:
Allows cell phone users to experience max. amount of reception without manually switching to each tower
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2,000
1,800 1,600
2 billion in 2006!
1,400
1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 Current global penetration 24 %
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