TFU3013 GENERAL PHYSICS I

REVISION

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Students should be able to: 1.Use the physics equations to analyse everyday phenomena. 2.Define the physics laws and relate them with physics problems and other topics. 3.Use the physics equations to solve physics problems. 4.Acquire skill experiences in physics experiments. 5.Relate the physics concepts to be used in applied physics and engineering.

FINAL EXAM
PART A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION 20 QUESTIONS x 1.5 30 MARKS

PART B STRUCTURED QUESTIONS 7 QUESTIONS CHOOSE 5 x 10 50 MARKS

TOTAL = 80 MARKS DURATION = 2 HOURS

VECTOR AND ITS APPLICATION KINEMATICS FORCES AND NEWTONS LAW WORK & ENERGY CONSERVATION OF ENERGY SOLID & ELASTIC DEFORMATION TEMPERATURE & HEAT

The Role of Units in Problem Solving

Reasoning Strategy: Converting Between Units 1. In all calculations, write down the units explicitly. 2. Treat all units as algebraic quantities. When identical units are divided, they are eliminated algebraically. 3. Use the conversion factors given.Be guided by the fact that multiplying or dividing an equation by a factor of 1does not alter the equation.

Example : Interstate Speed Limit Express the speed limit of 65 miles/hour in terms of meters/second. Use 5280 feet = 1 mile and 3600 seconds = 1 hour and 3.281 feet = 1 meter.

feet miles miles 5280 feet 1 hour Speed = 65 (1)(1) = 65 = 95 second hour hour mile 3600 s

feet feet 1 meter meters Speed = 95 (1) = 95 = 29 second second second 3.281 feet

Scalars and Vectors

A scalar quantity is one that can be described by a single number: temperature, speed, mass A vector quantity deals inherently with both magnitude and direction: velocity, force, displacement

The Components of a Vector

x and y are called the x vector component and the y vector component of r.

The Components of a Vector Example A displacement vector has a magnitude of 175 m and points at an angle of 50.0 degrees relative to the x axis. Find the x and y components of this vector.

sin = y r

y = r sin = (175 m ) sin 50.0 = 134 m cos = x r x = r cos = (175 m ) cos 50.0 = 112 m r = (112 m ) x + (134 m ) y

Refer TUTORIAL & EXERCISE

Kinematics deals with the concepts that are needed to describe motion. Dynamics deals with the effect that forces have on motion. Together, kinematics and dynamics form the branch of physics known as Mechanics.

definition velocity

displacement

instantaneous velocity speed acceleration

Etc.

Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

v = vo + at
x=
2

1 2

( vo + v ) t
2 o

v = v + 2ax

x = vot + at
1 2

Applications of the Equations of Kinematics

Reasoning Strategy
1. Make a drawing. 2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and negative (-). 3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five kinematic variables. 4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three of the five kinematic variables. Select the appropriate equation. 5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that the final velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the next. 6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a kinematics problem.

Freely Falling Bodies

Example : A Falling Stone A stone is dropped from the top of a tall building. After 3.00s of free fall, what is the displacement y of the stone?

y
?

a
-9.80 m/s2

vo
0 m/s

t
3.00 s

y
?

a
-9.80 m/s2

vo
0 m/s

t
3.00 s

y = vot + at
1 2

2 1 2

= ( 0 m s )( 3.00 s ) + = 44.1 m

( 9.80 m s )( 3.00 s )
2

Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration

Refer TUTORIAL & EXERCISE

Newtons First Law of Motion

The net force on an object is the vector sum of all forces acting on that object. The SI unit of force is the Newton (N).
Individual Forces Net Force

4N

10 N

6N

Individual Forces

Net Force

5N 3N

64

4N

Newtons Second Law

When a net external force acts on an object of mass m, the acceleration that results is directly proportional to the net force and has a magnitude that is inversely proportional to the mass. The direction of the acceleration is the same as the direction of the net force.

a=

F = ma

A free-body-diagram is a diagram that represents the object and the forces that act on it.

The net force in this case is: 275 N + 395 N 560 N = +110 N and is directed along the + x axis of the coordinate system.

If the mass of the car is 1850 kg then, by Newtons second law, the acceleration is

F = + 110 N = +0.059 m s a=
m 1850 kg

The Vector Nature of Newtons Second Law

The net force on the raft can be calculated in the following way:
Force x component +17 N +(15 N) cos67 +23 N y component 0N +(15 N) sin67 +14 N

ax

F =
m

+ 23 N 2 = = +0.018 m s 1300 kg + 14 N 2 = = +0.011 m s 1300 kg

ay

F =
m

Definition of the Normal Force

The normal force is one component of the force that a surface exerts on an object with which it is in contact namely, the component that is perpendicular to the surface.

FN 11 N 15 N = 0 FN = 26 N

FN + 11 N 15 N = 0 FN = 4 N

Apparent Weight
The apparent weight of an object is the reading of the scale. It is equal to the normal force the man exerts on the scale.

= + FN mg = ma

FN = mg + ma
apparent weight true weight

Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces

The magnitude of the static frictional force can have any value from zero up to a maximum value.

fs f f
MAX s

MAX s

= s FN

0 < s < 1

is called the coefficient of static friction.

Static friction opposes the impending relative motion between two objects. Kinetic friction opposes the relative sliding motion motions that actually does occur.

f k = k FN 0 < s < 1
is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Refer TUTORIAL & EXERCISE

Equilibrium Application of Newtons Laws of Motion

Definition of Equilibrium
An object is in equilibrium when it has zero acceleration.

Fx = 0 Fy = 0

Reasoning Strategy
Select an object(s) to which the equations of equilibrium are to be applied. Draw a free-body diagram for each object chosen above. Include only forces acting on the object, not forces the object exerts on its environment. Choose a set of x, y axes for each object and resolve all forces in the free-body diagram into components that point along these axes. Apply the equations and solve for the unknown quantities.

Refer TUTORIAL & EXERCISE

Work and Energy

Work Done by a Constant Force

W = Fs
1 N m = 1 joule ( J )

W = ( F cos ) s

cos 0 = 1 cos 90 = 0 cos 180 = 1

Example : Pulling a Suitcase-on-Wheels Find the work done if the force is 45.0-N, the angle is 50.0 degrees, and the displacement is 75.0 m.

W = ( F cos ) s = ( 45.0 N ) cos 50.0 ( 75.0 m ) = 2170 J

The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy

Consider a constant net external force acting on an object. The object is displaced a distance s, in the same direction as the net force.

F
s
The work is simply

W = ( F ) s = ( ma ) s

W = m( as ) = m v v = mv mv
1 2 2 f 2 o 1 2 2 f 1 2
2 v 2 = vo + 2( ax ) f

2 o

( ax ) = 1 ( v 2f vo2 ) 2

DEFINITION OF KINETIC ENERGY The kinetic energy KE of and object with mass m and speed v is given by

KE = mv
1 2

Gravitational Potential Energy

W = ( F cos ) s

Wgravity = mg ( ho h f )

Wgravity = mg ( ho h f )

Gravitational Potential Energy

Example : A Gymnast on a Trampoline The gymnast leaves the trampoline at an initial height of 1.20 m and reaches a maximum height of 4.80 m before falling back down. What was the initial speed of the gymnast?

2 W = 1 mvf2 1 mvo 2 2

Wgravity = mg ( ho h f )

2 mg ( ho h f ) = 1 mvo 2

vo = 2 g ( ho h f )

vo = 2 9.80 m s 2 (1.20 m 4.80 m ) = 8.40 m s

Wgravity = mgho mgh f

DEFINITION OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY The gravitational potential energy PE is the energy that an object of mass m has by virtue of its position relative to the surface of the earth. That position is measured by the height h of the object relative to an arbitrary zero level:

PE = mgh
1 N m = 1 joule ( J )

DEFINITION OF A CONSERVATIVE FORCE Version 1 A force is conservative when the work it does on a moving object is independent of the path between the objects initial and final positions. Version 2 A force is conservative when it does no work on an object moving around a closed path, starting and finishing at the same point.

THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY The total mechanical energy (E = KE + PE) of an object remains constant as the object moves, provided that the net work done by external nonconservative forces is zero.

Example : A Daredevil Motorcyclist A motorcyclist is trying to leap across the canyon by driving horizontally off a cliff 38.0 m/s. Ignoring air resistance, find the speed with which the cycle strikes the ground on the other side.

Ef = Eo mgh f + mv = mgho + mv
1 2 2 f 1 2 2 gh f + 1 v 2 = gho + 1 vo 2 f 2 2 o

2 gh f + 1 v 2 = gho + 1 vo 2 f 2

vf =

2g(h

hf

)+v

2 o

v f = 2 9.8 m s ( 35.0m ) + ( 38.0 m s ) = 46.2 m s

2 2

Other Forms of Energy and the Conservation of Energy

THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Energy can neither be created not destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another.

The Ideal Spring

Applied x

= kx
spring constant Units: N/m

HOOKES LAW: RESTORING FORCE OF AN IDEAL SPRING The restoring force on an ideal spring is

Fx = k x

DEFINITION OF ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY The elastic potential energy is the energy that a spring has by virtue of being stretched or compressed. For an ideal spring, the elastic potential energy is

PE elastic = 1 kx 2 2

SI Unit of Elastic Potential Energy: joule (J)

Refer TUTORIAL & EXERCISE

Solids and Elastic Deformation

Elastic Properties
Stress is the force per unit area causing the deformation Strain is a measure of the amount of deformation The elastic modulus is the constant of proportionality between stress and strain
For sufficiently small stresses, the stress is directly proportional to the strain The constant of proportionality depends on the material being deformed and the nature of the deformation

Youngs Modulus: Elasticity in Length

Tensile stress is the ratio of the external force to the crosssectional area
Tensile is because the bar is under tension

The elastic modulus is called Youngs modulus

Youngs Modulus
SI units of stress are Pascals, Pa
1 Pa = 1 N/m2

The tensile strain is the ratio of the change in length to the original length
Strain is dimensionless

F L =Y A Lo

Shear Modulus : Elasticity of Shape

Forces may be parallel to one of the objects faces The stress is called a shear stress The shear strain is the ratio of the horizontal displacement and the height of the object The shear modulus is S

Shear Modulus

F shear stress = A x shear strain = h LO F x =S A hO L

S is the shear modulus A material having a large shear modulus is difficult to bend

Diver at the end of diving board

F/

x F = S A L o

A material having a small shear modulus is easy to bend

Bulk Modulus
Volume stress, P, Final volume is the ratio of the force to the surface area
This is also the Pressure

Initial volume

The volume strain is equal to the ratio of the change in volume to the original volume

Bulk Modulus
V P = B V
A material with a large bulk modulus is difficult to compress The negative sign is included since an increase in pressure will produce a decrease in volume
B is always positive

The compressibility is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus

Refer TUTORIAL & EXERCISE

Temperature and heat transfer

DEFINITION
TEMPERATURE, HEAT THERMAL CONDUCTION, THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM MELTING POINT, STEAM POINT , FREEZING, MELTING, ETC

Heat transfer
Heat can be transferred by three mechanisms, Conduction Convection Radiation Thermal conduction is defined as a process whereby heat is transferred through a solid from a region of high temperature to a region of lower temperature. temperature Thermal conduction in a insulator rod (non-metal) Consider a non-metal rod is heated at its one end as shown in Figure below.

Rate of heat flow

Consider heat conduction through a lagged rod which has cross sectional area A and length dx as shown in Figure below. Insulator

T1

T2 T1 > T2

x
By assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings, therefore surroundings heat can only flow through the cross sectional area from higher temperature region, T1 to lower temperature region, T2. When the rod in steady condition, the rate of heat flows is condition constant along the rod.

The rate of heat flow, factors, a. b. c.

dQ cross sectional area A dt dQ dT temperature gradient through the cross sectional area dt x dQ is dependent upon the type of material made the rod dt i.e. copper or iron. dQ dT A dt x

dQ dt

through the rod depends on three

Therefore a relationship between the rate of heat flow and the first two factors is given by

dQ dT = kA dt x

OR

( T2 T1 ) dQ = kA dt x

Radiation
is defined as a process whereby heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves (e.m.w.) such as visible light, infrared and ultraviolet radiation. This process could occur in vacuum. vacuum All objects radiate energy continuously in the form of e.m.w. produced by thermal vibrations of the molecules where the wavelength of the e.m.w. depends on the temperature of the object. If T decreases thus the wavelength( ) increases and vice versa. Stefans (Stefan-Boltzmann) law states: The rate of energy radiated per unit surface area of a body is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute (Kelvin) temperature. temperature OR

R = eT

and

P R= A

thus

P = eAT

where

P : rate of energy radiation( radiation power)

A : surface area

e : emissivity : Stefan - Boltzmann constant -8 2 4 = 5.67 10 W m K T : absolute temperatu re (kelvin)

The ability of an object emits radiation depend on the value of emissivity, e (dimensionless) where

0 e 1
If e = 0 : ideal reflector e = 1 : ideal absorber (black body) A good absorber also is a good emitter. emitter

Any object not only emits energy by radiation, but also absorbs energy radiated by other bodies. If an object is at a temperature, To and its surroundings are at an average temperature, Ts then the nett rate of energy radiated, Pnett by the object is given by

Pnett = Pobject Psurroundings

Pnett = eA To Ts
4

To : absolute temperatu re of the object Ts : absolute temperatu re of the surroundin gs

Positive value of Pnett Negative value of Pnett nett heat flow out from the body and so the body become cooler. cooler nett heat flow into the body and the body becomes hotter. hotter

where

Thermal expansion
is defined as a change in dimensions of a body accompanying a change in temperature. temperature There are three types of thermal expansion : Linear expansion Area expansion Volume expansion In solid, all types of thermal expansion are occurred. solid In liquid and gas, only volume expansion is occurred. gas At the same temperature, the gas expands greater than temperature liquid and solid. solid

Linear expansion
Consider a thin rod of initial length, l0 at temperature,T0 is heated to a new uniform temperature, T and acquires length, l as shown in Figure below.

l0
At T0 At T Figure 14.14

l
l

l l 0

and

l T
where

l = l0 T

l : change in length = l l 0 T : temperature change = T T0 : coefficient of linear expansion

Refer TUTORIAL & EXERCISE

GOOD LUCK !

MAY ALLAH BLESS YOU ALWAYS....