Reticuloendothelial system is an older term for the mononuclear phagocyte system, but it is used less commonly now, as it is understood

that most endothelial cells are not macrophages. The mononuclear phagocyte system is a part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. Its functions include: Formation of new red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs). Destruction of old RBCs and WBCs. Formation of antibody. Formation of plasma proteins. Formation of bile pigments.

The spleen is an organ play an important roles to red blood cells and the immune system. In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock while also recycling iron. As a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system, it metabolizes hemoglobin removed from aging erythrocytes. It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation. The spleen is purple and gray. Recently, it has been found to contain in its reserve half of the body's monocytes within the red pulp.

A lymph node is a small ball-shaped organ of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach/gut and linked by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes act as filters or traps for foreign particles. They become inflamed or enlarged in various conditions, which may range from trivial, such as a throat infection, to lifethreatening such as cancers.

However, lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, will meet the antigens, or proteins, in the peripheral lymphoid organs, which includes lymph nodes. The antigens are displayed by specialized cells in the lymph nodes. The lymphocytes continuously recirculate the peripheral lymphoid organs and the state of the lymph nodes depends on infection. During an infection, the lymph nodes may expand due to intense B-cell proliferation in the germinal centers, a condition commonly referred to as "swollen glands". The lymph nodes function to filter and monitor the lymph for foreign particles. The immune system helps to activate this process.

Lymph nodes on Neck

Lymph nodes on armpit

The thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system. The only known function of the thymus is the production and "education" of Tlymphocytes (T cells), which are critical cells of the adaptive immune system. The thymus is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum. the thymus can be divided into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is surrounded by an outer capsule. The cortex and medulla play different roles in the development of T-cells.

The human palatine tonsils and the nasopharyngeal tonsil are lympho epithelial tissues located near the oropharynx and nasopharynx, although most commonly the term "tonsils" refers to the palatine tonsils (that can be seen in the back of the throat). These immunocompetent tissues represent the defense mechanism of first line against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens. An inflammation of the tonsils is called tonsillitis, which causes one's tonsils to become sore and swollen. The most common way to treat it is with antibiotics. Although, many patients have their tonsils surgically removed.

Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the interior of bones. In humans, bone marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. Bone marrow is also a vital element of the lymphatic system, as it produces lymphocytes and acts to prevent the backflow of lymph. On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in adults weighing 65 kg, bone marrow accounts for approximately 2.6 kg.

There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow (consisting mainly of hematopoietic tissue) and yellow marrow (consisting mainly of fat cells). Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells arise in red marrow. Both types of bone marrow contain numerous blood vessels and capillaries. At birth, all bone marrow is red. With age, more and more of it is converted to the yellow type; only around half of adult bone marrow is red. Red marrow is found mainly in the flat bones, such as the hip bone, breast bone, cranium, ribs, vertebrae and shoulder blades, and at the epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus. Yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity, the hollow interior of the middle portion of long bones. In cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production.