ANATOMY OF TISSUES, ORGANS, AND ORGAN SYSTEMS

Organization Level
Cell
A basic structural and functional unit of living individual

Tissue
An aggregate or group of cells organized to perform one or more spescfic function

Organ
A structure that contains at least two or more different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose.

Organ System
Composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a common function.

Organism

Epithelium

Connective

TISSUE
Muscle Nerve

Epithelium Tissue
Simple squamos ep. diffusion and filtration e.g. Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels. Simple cuboidal ep. secretion and absorption e.g. Kidney tubules, duct and secretory portion of glands, ovary surface. Simple columnar ep. absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes. Some have cillia. Pseudostratified columnar ep., secrets mucus and propels it by ciliary action. Stratified squamos ep., nonkeratinized in esophagus, mouth and vagina; keratined in skin epidermis. Stratified cuboidal ep. In ovarian follicle, large ducts of sweat and salivary glands, seminiferous tubules of testis. Stratified columnar ep. In male urethra and large duct of some glands. Transitional ep. In the lining of ureter, bladder, and part of urethra.

Covering and Lining

Epithelium Tissue

Glandular

Endocrine, ductless glands that produce hormones. Exocrine, secretes their products onto body surface (skin) or into body cavities. There are unicellular and multicellular type.

Connective Tissue : Proper

Loose connective tissue
Areolar, binds the skin to the muscle beneath. Adipose, consists of fat cells functioned as mechanical protection, insulating layer, energy storage and heat loss control. Rectangular, forms soft skeleton in lymph organs.

Dense connective tissue

Dense regular CT, can be found in tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses. Dense irregular CT, can be found in the dermis of the skin, digestive tracts, fibrous capsules of organs and joints.

Connective Tissue : Specialized

Cartilage
Hyalin Cartilage, in the respiratory tracts and embryonal skeleton Elastic Cartilage, in the exterior and interior of ears Fibrocartilage, in joints, intervertebral discs, etc.

Bones

Blood
55 % Plasma 45 % Blood cells such as erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes.

Lymph

Muscle Tissue

Sceletal MT
Striated muscle Many nuclei found at the edge of cells

Cardiac MT
Striated muscle One nuclei central located

Smooth MT
Non-striated muscle One nuclei central located

Voluntary movement

Involuntary movement

Involuntary movement

Attached to bones (of the skeleton), In the case of facial muscles, attached to other tissues including skin - hence muscles "of facial expression".

Wall of the heart only

Walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, stomach, interstines, etc.

Nerve Tissue
Nervous tissue consist of two main types of cells: neurons and neuroglia.
Nerve cells, or neurones (also written

"neurons") transmit nerve impulses that move information around the body. Neuroglia are also known simply as "glia" and have various functions in support of nerve cells but do not transmit nerve impulses themselves.

Organs and Organ Systems

Skeletal System Providing support, shape, and protection to the human body. Additionally, the skeletal system provides attachment sites for organs. The skeletal system also stores minerals and lipids and forms blood cells. Organes of the skeletal system: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

Muscular System

Providing movement to the human body as a whole as well as movement of materials through organs and organ systems. Additionally, the muscular system functions to maintain posture and produce heat. The muscular system consists of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

Nervous System

Conducting electrical impulses throughout the body to regulate and control physiological processes of the other organ systems. Organs of the nervous system include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Conducting electrical impulses throughout the body to regulate and control physiological processes of the other organ systems. Circulatory Organs of the circulatory system include the heart, blood vessels, and blood. System

Exchanging gases between the body's tissues and the external environment. Respirator The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. y System Digesting and absorb nutrients from the food ingested into the body. Additionally, the digestive system transports foodstuff through the gastrointestinal tract. The primary organs of the digestive system include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anal canal.

Digestive System

Organs and Organ Systems (Cont.)

Removingexcess water and nutrients and filters wastes from the circulatory system. Additionally, the urinary system aids in red blood cell formation and metabolizes vitamin D. Urinal System The urinary system's organs include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Endocrine System

Regulating and control ling physiological processes of the body. However, the endocrine system accomplishes its functions by sending out chemical signals called hormones into the blood. Glands, the organs of the endocrine system, secrete hormones and include: pituitary gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and the testes.

The male reproductive system synthesizes gametes called spermatozoa that are responsible for fertilizing the female gametes, or oocytes, during reproduction. The female reproductive system is designed to undergo conception, gestation, and birth once a spermatozoon fertilizes an oocyte. Reproductive The male reproductive system is composed of the testes, vas deferens, urethra, penis, scrotum, and prostate. The female System reproductive system consists of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands.

Lymphatic System

Defending the body against microorganisms and other foreign bodies. Additionally, the lymphatic system transports fluids from the body's tissues to the blood, thus helping to control fluid balance in the body. This system also absorbs substances from the digestive system. Organs of the lymphatic system include the lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen, and tonsils.

Intergumen System

Protection, temperature regulation, sensory reception, biochemical synthesis, and absorption. Organs of intergumentary system are skin, hair, nails, folicles, and glands.