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By:
Leena Awad
Adila Ibrahim
Yousra Mudathir
Introduction
Glycosides are non-reducing substances which on hydrolysis (by acid, base, or enzyme) yield glycone and aglycone. They are soluble in water and dilute alcohol but insoluble in organic solvents (eg. Chloroform) Their aglycones are soluble in non-polar organic solvents Their glycones are soluble in polar solvents
They are mainly used as medications (eg. Laxatives, analgesics, and cardiotonics) In animals and humans their poisons are bound to the sugar portion which helps in their elimination from the body
Classification
Glycosides can be classified in different ways. Example: 1. On the basis of the sugar (eg. Glucoside, rhamnoside, etc.) 2. On the basis of the therapeutic activity. Example: Cardiac glycosides-Digitalis Laxative glycosides-Aloe, Senna, Cascara
Extraction
Glycosides are extracted from a crude drug
with a polar solvent, usually alcohol or water mixed with different proportions of methanol or ethanol Acidic conditions should be avoided to prevent the cleavage of the glycosidic linkage
It is also important to inactivate the hydrolytic enzymes that are present in the plant cell to prevent cleavage of the glycosides. This is done in several ways: 1. Place plant material in boiling alcohol or water for 10-20 minutes 2. Boiling with acetone 3. Placing it in a low temperature 4. Precipitating the enzymes with ammonium sulfate 5. Freeze-drying
Purification
Glycosides that are relatively free of impurities are obtained by concentration of the alcoholic extract under vacuum. It is subject to fractional crystallization from organic solvents. Isolation is usually completed by various chromatographic techniques ex. Cardiac glycosides using TLC The molecular structure of the extract is determined using spectroscopic methods (eg.IR, NMR, and spectrophotometer)
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