Metabolism and Energetics

CHAPTER 25

Introduction
Cell will break down excess carbs first, then lipids while conserving amino acids. Breaking down is catabolism. Only about 40% of energy released through catabolism is captured as ATP, the rest is released as heat. Cell synthesize new compounds-anabolism 1)to perform structural maintenance or repairs2)to support growth3)to produce secretions.

What is cellular respiration ?

The main energy-releasing metabolic pathway that leads to ATP formation. Also called Aerobic Respiration. Final acceptor of electrons is oxygen molecule.

Overall reaction
C6H12O6 +6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O
glucose oxygen carbondioxide water

Where does it occur in the cell?

The first step called GLYCOLYSIS occurs in the cytoplasm. The second and third steps-KREBS CYCLE AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIO N occur in the mitochondrion.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6+6O2------> 6CO2+6H2O+36 ATP

GLYCOLYSIS occurs in the Cytoplasm Pyruvate forms from glucose generates 2 ATP molecules

KREBS CYCLE Matrix of mitochondrion pruvate to carbondioxide. Liberated electrons and hydrogen are delvered to traansport system by coenzymes.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT PHOSPHORYLATION

Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondrion. ATP production is in high gear. As electrons are transferred ATP production by the process called CHEMIOSMOSIS Final acceptor of electrons is oxygen.

ANAEROBIC ROUTES
Lack of oxygen FERMENTATION
in animal cells produces lactate in yeast cells produces ethyl alcohol

Anaerobic electron transport

an inorganic substance serves as final electron acceptor.

Gluconeogenesis & Glycogenesis

This is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as lactic acid, glycerol or amino acids. This occurs in the liver and enables the liver to synthesize glucose when carbohydrate reserves are depleted. Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen formation.

Lipid Metabolism
Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids in the body. These are made of glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol enters the glycolytic pathway. The fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation which is used in the TCA cycle. In lipogenesis there is synthesis of lipids. Essential fatty acids must be provided in the diet.

Lipid transport and distribution

Lipids travel as FFA(water-soluble lipids that can easily diffuse through the membrane) or lipoproteins (lipidprotein complexes that contain triglycerides and cholesterol. The largest lipoproteins, the chylomicrons carry absorbed lipids from the intestines to the circulation. Capillary walls of adipose tissue, skeletal muscle , cardiac muscle and liver contain an enzyme called lipoprotein lipase that breaks down complex lipids, releasing a mixture of fatty acids and monoglycerides.

Protein metabolism
If other energy sources are inadequate, mitochondria can break down amino acids in the TCA cycle to generate ATP. In the mitochondria may remove the amino group by transamination or deamination, and the carbon skeleton is converted to one of the compounds involved in glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation. Half the amino acids required to build proteins can be synthesized. The other 10 are the essential amino acids which must be provided in the diet. Amination is the attachment of an amino group to a carbon framework.

Nucleic Acid Metabolism

DNA in the nucleus is never catabolized for energy. RNA molecules are broken down and replaced regularly. They are generally recycled as new nucleic acids. The nucleotides can be catabolized into simple sugars. Most cells synthesize RNA, but DNA synthesis is restricted during mitosis and meiosis.

Metabolic interactions
No one cell can perform all the anabolic and catabolic activities. Homeostasis can be preserved only when metabolic activities of different tissues are coordinated. The body has five metabolic components:liver, adipose tissue, skeletal tissue, neural tissue and other peripheral tissues. Liver is the focal point for metabolic regulation and control. Adipose tissue stores lipids in the form of triglycerides. Skeletal muscle contains glycogen reserves. Neural tissue entirely depends on aerobic metabolism. Peripheral tissues metabolize substances-endocrine sys.

The absorptive state

For about four hours after a meal, the nutrients enter the blood stream. The liver regulates the amount of glucose and the circulating levels of amino acids. Lipemia marks the absorptive state. Adipocytes synthesize new triglycerides for later use. Glucose molecules are catabolized and amino acids are used to build proteins.

Skeletal muscles may also catabolize

Postabsorptive State
This extends from the end of the absorptive state to the next meal. As blood glucose falls, the liver starts to break down glycogen reserves and release glucose. As duration of fast increases-gluconeogenesis. Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation. For ketone bodies.
.

continued
Glucogenic amino acids-glucose ketogenic amino acids-ketone bodies lipolysis increases. Skeletal muscles metabolize ketone bodies and fatty acids. Glycogen reserves are broken After a prolonged fast, cathepsins break down contractile proteins.
Neural tissue is supplied with glucose.

Bioenergetics
Energy content of food expressed as calories or kilocalories. Lipids-9.46C/g. total of all processes=metabolic rate BMR-rate of energy utilization at rest.

Thermoregulation
Homeostatic regulation of body temperature. Heat exchange with the environment by four processes-radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation. Preoptic area of hypothalamus-thermostat mechanisms for heat loss are both physiological-vasodilation, inc. perspiration and respiration- and behavioral

Thermoregulation
Shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis acclimatization pyrexia.