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MICROBIOLOGY
The study of bacteria, parasitic worms and viruses
Chapter 1
Topics
Scope of Microbiology Importance of Microorganisms Characteristics of Microorganisms History of Microbiology Taxonomy
Yersinia pestis
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Fungi
Ergot: toxin produced by fungus found on rye
Trichinella spiralis
Streptococcus pyogenes:
Microbes are involved in photosynthesis account for >50% of the earths oxygen. Decomposition nutrient recycling.
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Scope of Microbiology
Immunology: allergic reactions and immune responses Public health microbiology & epidemiology: monitor the spread of disease (CDC, WHO) Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology Agricultural microbiology: relationship between microbes and crops Biotechnology: tools using microbes to produce substances for humans Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology: techniques to alter the genetic makeup of organisms to create transgenetic organisms.
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Knowledge of microorganisms:
Allows humans to
Prevent food spoilage Prevent disease occurrence
Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth. The first microbes were observed in 1673.
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Spontaneous generation
Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter. (flies from manure, etc)
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In 1665, Robert Hooke reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells. In 1858, Rudolf Virchow said cells arise from preexisting cells. Cell Theory. All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells
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1673-1723, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.
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The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a vital force Forms life. The Alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.
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Pasteurs S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.
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1857-1914 Beginning with Pasteurs work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
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Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization.
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1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteurs work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.
1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Kochs postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
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Vaccination
1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox. Called vaccination from vacca for cow The protection is called immunity
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Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature. Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet. Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lower case. Are Latinized and used worldwide. May be descriptive or honor a scientist.
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There is a difference between the cell structure of a procaryote and a eucaryote. Viruses are neither but are considered particles.
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The Domain system was developed by Dr. Woese. The basis of the Domain system is the rRNA sequence information.
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Bacteria
Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
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Archaea:
Prokaryotic Lack peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments Include: Methanogens Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles
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Fungi
Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae Yeasts are unicellular
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Protozoa
Eukaryotes Absorb or ingest organic chemicals May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
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Algae
Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls Use photosynthesis for energy Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
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Viruses
Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
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Eukaryote Multicellular animals Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths. Microscopic stages in life cycles.
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Bioremediation
Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage. Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury
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Infectious Diseases
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E. Coli O157:H7
Produce!
Spinach Lettuce Strawberries
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