BY, MUHAMMAD UMAIR SHAHID

FACTS(Flexible AC Transmission Systems)

RPC(Reactive Power Control)

SVR(Static Voltage Regulator)

 Introduction Control of power flow Three phase thyristor controlled compensator Digital protection scheme for the advanced series compensator Proposed fuzzy logic control of a power system stabilizer Phase angle regulator

 The rapid advancements in power electronics and

microprocessors over the last decade has had and will have a significant impact on the way utillities operate their power systems. The use of power electronics and microprocessors will help to dre the transmission and distribution of electricity more reliable, controllable, and efficient. The term FACTS is an acronym for Flexible AC Transmission Syste:m. FACTS is the word used to describe the use of high speed power electronic controllers to control the electric power system. The use of FACTS technology will allow greater coritrol of power flows, increase the loading on power lines so as the lines operate more closely to their thermal limits , enhance the system's ability to transfer power between conmolled areas, and damp power system oscillations.

 Power flow through a system

depends on transmission line impedance. Unfortunately, it does not depend on thermal limits or ownership. Consider the example in Figure 1.

 Figure 1 (a), lines AB, BC, and AC have ratings of 1000

MW, 1250 :MW, and 2000 MW, respectively. With the given impedances the three lines should carry ,600 MW, 1600 MW, and 1400 MW, respectively. Notice that line BC: is overloaded. By inserting a capacitor whose reactance is -5 ohms, the impedance c)f line AC goes from 10 ohms to 5 ohms. The new power flows will be 250 MW, 1250 MVV, and 1750 :MW, respectively. This system could be mechanically controlled, but such a breaker would eventually fail due to the stress that many switching would place on the breakers mechanical components.

 The Western Area Power Administration has installed the

world's first three phase thyristor controlled compensation scheme. This device has continuously variable impedance. It can reduce the transmission line's impedance thus increasing the power to the thermal limit of 400 MW. It is becoming more difficult for utilities to build new transmission lines due to the environmental impact and restricted space. FACTS technology allows us to increase the loading capability of existing systems. The advanced series compensator (ASC), shown in Figure 2, allows the utility to set a scheduled load on the transmission line with automatic control. The ASIC also provides protection for the conventional series capacitors to which it is connected .

 Another use of a variable series and/or shunt compensator is to

improve the damping of electromechanical oscillations and transients. Due to the power system's highly nonlinear nature, it is difficult to model the dynamics of a power system which changes its characteristic with operating points. Using a series and/or shunt compensator will increase the power capability of a transmission line. However, in order to make such compensators effective, intelligent and fast acting control techniques have to be developed. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed to operate a variable series capacitor compensator. The controller uses the steady state relations of machine rotor angle and electrical power as the input signals. Test disturbances were applied to the system under three different controller configurations: (i) with a typical PSS, (ii) with a typical PSS and a varia.ble series reactor, and (iii) with a typical PSS, a variable series reactor, and a fuzzy logic controller.

 Recent development of power electronics introduces

the use of FACTS devices in power systems. FACTS devices are capable of controlling the network condition in a very fast manner. Reactive power compensation is an important issue in electrical power systems and shunt FACTS devices play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network. SVC and STATCOM are members of FACTS family that area connected in shunt with the system.

 SHUNT FACTS DEVICES IN POWER SYSTEM:

Shunt FACTS devices are classified into two categories, namely variable impedance type (SVC) and switching converter type(STATCOM).

 The SVC uses conventional thyristors to achieve fast control of

shunt connected capacitors and reactors. The configuration of the SVC is shown in Figure 1, which basically consists of a fixed capacitor (C) and a thyristor controlled reactor (L). The firing angle control of the thyristor banks determines the equivalent shunt admittance presented to the power system.

 It is a device connected in derivation, basically composed of a coupling

transformer, that serves of link between the electrical power system (EPS) and the voltage synchronous controller (VSC), that generates the voltage wave comparing it to the one of the electric system to realize the exchange of reactive power. The control system of the STATCOM adjusts at each moment the inverse voltage so that the current injected In the network is in cuadrature to the network voltage, in these conditions P=0 and Q=0.

 Static Voltage Regulator (SVR) which is connected

between mains and consumers machine removes the negative effects of the mains fluctuation to the consumers machine. SVR is based on coil selecting principle, which means supplying the consumer machine with auto transformer coils inside of it. SVR ensure machines (like motors, rectifier, and air conditioner) to operate properly and safely with selecting coil if a fluctuation and a deviation occurs in mains.

 If an overload (more than the 150% of nominal power)

occurs, consumer machines (loads) are directly supplied with Bypass from the mains. After the normal conditions restate, machines again begin to be supplied with SVR. SVR contains a communication interface unit. By the help of this units signs it is possible to get information from SVR.

 SVR regulates the voltage through the tapping selection by means of

semi-conductor static switching devices viz. Thyristors, IGBTs which respond instantaneously. In addition, microprocessor-based control circuitry along with Thyristors results in high correction speed and higher efficiency. There is no moving part inside SVR and it is a fully electronic & automatic unit.