IMMUNITY

BY DR.MOHAMMAD KHALID FCPS (Medicine) 4th MPH PHSA PESHAWAR

OBJECTIVES:
To make the participants understand 1: the basics of immunity ? 2: innate vs. acquired immunity ? 3: active vs. passive immunity ? 4: immunity and immunization ? 5: disordered immunity ?

WHY TO KNOW IMMUNITY

CDC C=CONTROL HOW TO CONTROL AN ATTACK?

DEFENCE
COUNTRY ATTACKED TWO WAYS TO FIGHT HIRE A TRAINED FORCE - QUICK PREPARE OWN FORCE TAKES TIME WHICH IS BEST?

ATTACK

INFECTION

INFECTION

INFECTION

INFECTION

 DEFENCE

MAKE OWN (ACTIVE)

HIRE (PASSIVE)

PHYSICAL (SKIN)

What Is Immunity
Immunity is the ability of the body to specifically counteract foreign organisms or substances, called antigens. Antigen -- foreign compounds which initiate an immune response Antibody -- proteins produced by B lymphocytes which attack antigens

What Is Immune System (DEFENCE) The immune system is the system of specialized cells and organs that protect an organism from outside biological and chemical influences.

Organs of the Immune System:

1:Primary organs:
Thymus: Responsible for maturation of the T cells. Bone Marrow: Responsible for maturation of B cells.

2: Secondary organs:

- Spleen -Lymphatic system -Highly organized follicles are present in small intestine (Peyers patches) and tonsils -Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue -Specialized M-cell in wall of mucus membrane entraps foreign particle

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAS A SERIES OF DUAL NATURES, self / non-self recognition, general / specific, natural/adaptive=innate/acquired, cell-mediated / humoral, active / passive, primary / secondary.

 INNATE IMMUNITY:
faster-acting non-specific no stimulation needed for activation It is genetically based and we pass it on to our offspring. - present from birth - active round the clock

First-line defenses:

1: physical and chemical barrier skin and mucus coating of the gut and airways
2: the stomach secretes
gastric acid

-Second-line defense: Phagocytic cells:

1: phagocytic cells ( macrophages and neutrophil granulocytes) that can engulf (phagocytose) 2: Phagocytosis involves chemotaxis chemotactic chemicals adhesion -by opsonization, opsonins-ingestion-reactive oxygen species and proteases

- Anti-microbial proteins:
-several classes of antimicrobial proteins

a: acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein)

b: lysozyme, and the complement system c: The complement system is a very complex group of serum proteins - interferons - secreted by virus-infected cells

RBCs

macrophage

 ACQUIRED IMMUNITY -adaptive immune system -ensure full/partial immunity against reinfection by the same organism -based on specialized cells called lymphocytes ,produced by stem cells in the bone marrow -Lymphocytes - two major types: B cells and T cells.

- Roughly 80% of them are T cells, - 15% B cells and - 5 % are null Lymphocytes.

- B cells produce plasma cells which then produce antibodies - T cells become T helper (CD4) or cytotoxic (CD8) lymphocytes

- If acquired immunity is due to B cells or antibodies (IgA,IgG,IgM,IgD and IgE) it is also called Humoral immunity. - If acquired immunity is due to T cells it is also called Cellular immunity

Acquired Immunity A. Is either active or passive B. Either , naturally acquired or artificially acquired

Active acquired immunity

- Long-lasting (usually life-long) - Develops after exposure to antigen - The body manufactures antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes itself actively

1.This exposure may occur "naturally" (NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY)

a) It is accidental b) That is, the host unintentionally comes in contact with the antigen
c) Examples are naturally acquired diseases and infections
(1) (2) primary antibody response IgM appear first followed much later by IgG secondary antibody response IgG is produced in high concentrations as a result of memory cell formation

2.This exposure may occur artificially (ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY)

a) b) c) It is deliberate and planned That is, the host is intentionally exposed to the antigen For example, the infant (or adult) receives immunizations at the doctor's office The individual undergoes a primary and secondary antibody response

Passive acquired immunity

1. 2.
3. 4. 5.

Is short-lasting Is a "gift" of antibodies produced outside the host's body Mother to newborn Emergency ATS , ARG Protection for sometime until active immunity develops

1. This acquisition of antibodies may occur "naturally" (NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY)
a) also known as congenital immunity

b)
c)

maternal antibodies transferring to the fetus through the placenta - IgG

maternal antibodies transferring to baby

through mother's milk -IgA, with trace amounts of IgG and IgM

2.This acquisition of antibodies may occur "artificially" (ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY) a) b) This occurs as a result of antibodies to a particular antigen being deliberately injected into the host Antiserum ATS, ARabiesS , Antidiptheria serum

c)

Gamma globulins ATG, Gamma immune, ARG

APPLICATIONS OF IMMUNITY:
Vaccination -active artificial immunity

- Serology is the use of laboratory tests to detect antigen and antibody reactions to diagnose infections or do many other tests - Herd immunity - ?

IMMUNE DISORDERS:
Attenuated Or Low Response: HIV,Steroids,Malnutrition,pregnancy

Exaggerated Response : Autoimmune disorders, IDDM,RA,SLE,drug reactions,

THANKS