BY: EKA PUSPITA NINGRUM UCA DAHNIAR ARDIANTIN

RESEARCHS PROCEDURES
1. Identify the problems 2. Conceptualize and formulate the problems. 3. Identify and operate the variables. 4. Formulate the hypotheses

8. Process the data.

7. Collect the data.

6. Find the samples.

5. Arrange the instruments

9. Analyze the data.

10. Make the conclusion.

11. Reporting.

Research Problem
the problem that has to be found its answer.

It comes from because there are discrepancy between what is seen, what is heard or what is read, and what is expected.

5. Formulate 4. Determine the problems. whether 3. there are Compare discrepancy the between the 2. Take the symptoms symptoms references and and references references 1. Observe the symptoms

The characteristics of research problem

1. It should ask about a relationship between two or more variables.

2. It should be stated clearly and unambiguously, usually in question form.

3. It should be testable by empirical methods

4. It should not represent a moral or ethical position.

1. Workability 2. Critical mass 3. Interest

Specific Considerations in choosing a problem

4. Theoretical value 5. Practical value

EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING

1. Do students learn more from a directive teacher or a nondirective teacher?

2. Do more students continue in training programs offering stipends or in program not offering stipends? 3. Can students who have had pretraining be taught a learning task more quickly than those who have not had pretraining? 4. Does the repetitious use of prompting in a learning program impair the effectiveness of program materials?

5. Do the students who are described unfavorably by their teacher tend to describe themselves more unfavorably than those students described favorably?

HYPOTHESES
A suggested answer to the problem

An expectation about events based on generalizations of the assumed relationship between variables

The Characteristics of Hypothesis

It should be testable

It should conjecture upon a relationship between two or more variables

It should be stated clearly and unambiguously in the form of a declarative sentence

The difference between observation, specific hypothesis and general hypothesis

Observation
Specific Hypothesis General Hypothesis

What is- that is, to what is seen

The hypothesis that require fewer observations for testing

The hypothesis that is reformulated to a more specific one

Deductive

The Process of doing hypothesis

Inductive

Alternative Hypothesis

They are another hypotheses which are derived by researcher

Null hypothesis
It is the negative or no differences version of a hypothesis. The advantage of it is the testing of statistical and interpretation

THANK YOU