INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATION

MobileComm Technologies India Pvt. Ltd.

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Copyright 2010 MobileComm Technologies India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved MobileComm is committed to providing our customers with quality instructor led Telecommunications Training. This documentation is protected by copyright. No part of the contents of this documentation may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without the prior written consent of MobileComm Technologies . Document Number: RK/CT/3/2010 This manual prepared by: MobileComm Technologies
MobileComm Technologies(India)Pvt. Ltd. 424, First Floor, Udyog Vihar Phase -4, Gurgaon-122002 Headquarter: MobileComm Professionals Inc. 1255 West 15th Street, Suite 440 Plano, TX, 75075 Tel: (972) 633-5100 Fax: (972) 633-5106

www.mcpsinc.com

MODULE CONTENTS

Standardisation and frequency bands

Multiple access schemes

Main properties of UMTS air interface HSDPA and HSUPA

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Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations)

IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications

3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

GSM
EDGE

ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea)

UMTS
WCDMA - FDD WCDMA - TDD

TD-SCDMA

3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
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ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea)

UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

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The Problem
THE PROBLEM LIMITED RESOURCES (FREQUENCY) MANY USERS

So many users, limited resource ?

Solution Multiple Access

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Multiple Access Technologies

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Channel 3 Channel 2 Channel 1

WCDMA 3.84 MHz

Chan- Chan- Channel 1 nel 2 nel 3

Time

Time Code

Time

FDMA frequency division multiple access

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TDMA time division multiple access

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CDMA code division multiple access

What is the multiple access Technique in UMTS?

WCDMA
Lets understand WCDMA

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Term Wideband and Code Explained

5 - Code Multiplexing

Spreading
Code 1 Code 2 User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5 Code 3 Code 4 Code 5

Power spectrum
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Composite signal

Codes discriminate users

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5 MHz 9

CODES IN WCDMA

Spreading codes (channelization codes) used to differentiate mobiles and services different lengths (spreading factor) according to service in UMTS Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) in UMTS Low Cross Correlation, High Auto Correlation Scrambling codes used to differentiate un-synchronized codes (from other UEs or Node-Bs) 1 scrambling code per sector on downlink PN code family in UMTS

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Codes Multiplexing

1 - Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code Channelization code 1 User 1 signal Channelization code 2 User 2 signal
BTS

Channelization code 3 User 3 signal

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Codes Multiplexing
2 - Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1 Channelization code

User 1 signal

Scrambling code 2 Channelization code User 2 signal

BTS

Scrambling code 3
Channelization code User 3 signal
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Channelisation Code Tree

SF= 1 SF= 2 SF= 4
C4(0)=[1111 ] C2(0)=[11]

SF= 8
C8(0)=[11111111 ]

C4(1)=[11-11]
C0(0)=[ 1] C4(2)=[1-111] C2(1)=[11] C4(3)=[1-111]

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.....] C16(1)=[....... .....] C16(2)=[....... C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1- .....] 1] C16(3)=[....... .....] C16(4)=[....... C8(2)=[11-1-111-1- .....] 1] C16(5)=[....... .....] C16(6)=[....... C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111] .....] C16(7)=[....... .....] C16(8)=[....... C8(0)=[1-11-11-11- .....] C16(9)=[....... 1] .....] C16(10)=[....... C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] ....] C16(11)=[......... ..] C16(12)=[..... C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] ......] C16(13=[...... .....] C16(14)=[..... C8(7)=[1-1-11-111- ......] 1] C16(15)=[..... ......] SALAF HAYAT

SF=1 6 C16(0)=[.......

...

SF=25 SF=51 6 2

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Spreading and Despreading

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Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
R

Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=24.98 dB Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain depends on the user data rate

Frequency (Hz)

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

R

Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=10 dB

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Processing gain
The more processing gain the system has, the more the power of uncorrelated interfering signals is suppressedin the despreadingprocess Thus, processing gain can be seen as an improvement factor in the SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) of the signal after despreading Example: Voice AMR 12.2 Kbps 10*log(3840000/12200)= 25 dB Gp=

After despreadingthe signal power has to be typically few dB above the interference and noise: Eb/No = 5dB; therefore the required wideband signal-to-interference ratiois 5dB Gp= -20 dB.
In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB underunderthe interference and the WCDMA receiver can still detect the signal

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Coverage Limits

SF = 128 SF = 32 SF = 4
Speech 8 kbps Data 64 kbps Data 384 kbps

BTS

The coverage limits are determined by the Uplink link Budget

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FREQUENCY PLANNING IN UMTS

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GSM900/1800:

3G (WCDMA):

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W-CDMA Principles

Fast Power Control Soft Handover

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Few Basics.

COVERAGE

POWER

CAPACITY

QUALITY

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Understanding Power Control

LOWER Power Per User HIGHER Number of Users 6/5/2012 SALAF HAYAT

HIGHER Power Per User LOWER Number of Users

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Interference

Power Ctrl ON OFF

No or Improper Power Control leads to High interference that impacts Coverage, Capacity and Quality

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Power Control

TX Power is adjusted regularly so that each connection is received with the required Eb/No of its service Uplink: Avoid Near-Far-Problem Downlink: Power share allocation Policy: No one gets a higher quality (Eb/No) than he needs. Everyone gets exactly the required quality or is not served at all no unnecessary increase of interference for other mobiles no waste of common power resource in the downlink

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Interference Limit
When the number of users in the cell increases, the interference level increases (noise rise), the required received power at the base station to reach a given Eb/No (quality) increases For high interference level, the required received power becomes infinite: power control is unstable pole capacity Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems For high interference level, the required received power becomes infinite: power control is unstable pole capacity Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems

Interference level relative to Noise level (dB)

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Number of simultaneous users per sector

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Downlink Power Limit : Cell breathing

Considering the limitation of maximal transmit power, the increase of required received power due to high traffic will lead to decrease the cell range

The cell coverage decreases when the traffic increases : so-called cell breathing phenomenon Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems

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Load control

Deployed inter site distance

In order to avoid power control instability and coverage holes due to high traffic level, the level of interference received by a base station should be controlled by means of admission and load control algorithms
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Taking advantage of Multipath: Rake Receiver

Take advantage of multipath diversity

RX Delay 1 D(t) TX C(t) C(t-n) n

Delay (n)

UE
RX Delay 0 C(t-1) 1 Delay (1)

Spreading & Scrambling

RX

BTS C(t- )
0

Delay (0)

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POWER CONTROL

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Power control (PC) in WCDMA

Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL; UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference between users Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity Every UE accessing network increases interference PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each link while still maintaining the link quality (BER) Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required power for each connection Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation conditions (fading) Step up/down 1500 times/second

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Power Control types

Power control functionality can be divided to three main types Open loop power control Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE Outer (closed) loop power control Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and comparison to QoS target RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on connection quality Fast closed loop power control Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF quality target (SIR target) Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation Change of transmit power according to received power control command

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HANDOVERS

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Different Types of Handover

Soft Handover
Inter RNC Core Network

Softer Handover
Intra Node B Core Network

Hard Handover
Core Network
SRNC

GSM / GPRS BSS

SRNC DRNC SRNC UE

Node B

Node B

Core Network
SRNC

GSM / GPRS BSS

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Soft Handover

Soft HO

In UL selection of the best signal on a frame basis at RNC level - selection diversity In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE
RNC

Softer HO

In UL Maximum. Ratio Combining at Node B In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE
RNC

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SERVICES IN UMTS

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UMTS QoS class

Call

CS Call

PS Call

Interactive Class CS Data Call CS Voice Call PS Data Call

Background Class

PS Data Call

NRT Data Call

Conversational Class
CS Data Call

Streaming Class PS Data Call

RT Data Call

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HSDPA

2002.6 R5 released
2003.6 HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) was added into R5

HSDPA --Max. downlink data rate: 14.4Mbps

HSDPA is smoothly evolved from WCDMA R99 without any big effect to the existing R99 network

1 new transport channel: HS-DSCH 3 new physical channelsHS-PDSCH, HS-SCCH and HS-DPCCH MAC-hs sub-layer, HARQ (Fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest), Fast Scheduling and AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding)

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AMC

CQI (Report periodically)

Modulation (QPSK, 16QAM) self-adaptive Good channel state: 16QAM Bad channel state: QPSK

Node B

Coding rate (1/3, 3/4, etc.) self-adaptive Good channel state: 3/4 Bad channel state: 1/3

Efficiently utilize the channel condition Good channel state: higher speed Bad channel state: lower speed
Codes adjusting Good channel state: more codes Bad channel state: fewer codes

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HSUPA

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THE END

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